From 2006.igem.org

NOTE: this page above all is currently under construction.

Contents 1 General Remarks 2 Protein Properties of Interest 3 Focus of Experiments 3.1 Quantification of Relative Pr and Prm Activity 3.1.1 Ground State 3.1.2 External Event 3.2 Estimate of Minimal IPTG Concentration/Degradation 3.3 Quantification of Lac-Input System 3.4 System Dynamics 4 Measurements 4.1 Experiment 2005/10/07: OM-01 / FM-01 4.1.1 Purpose 4.1.2 Samples 4.1.3 Expectations 4.1.4 Results 4.1.5 Discussion 4.2 Experiment 2005/10/25: FACS-01 4.2.1 Purpose 4.2.2 Samples 4.2.3 Expectations 4.2.4 Results 4.2.5 Discussion 4.3 Experiment 2005/10/27: FM-02 4.3.1 Purpose 4.3.2 Samples 4.3.3 Expectations 4.3.4 Results 4.3.5 Discussion 4.4 Experiment 2005/10/28: FACS-02 4.4.1 Purpose 4.4.2 Samples 4.4.3 Expectations 4.4.4 Results 4.4.5 Discussion 4.5 Experiment 2005/10/31: FACS-03 4.5.1 Purpose 4.5.2 Samples 4.5.3 Expectations 4.5.4 Results 4.5.5 Discussion 4.6 Experiment 2005/10/31: LEICA-03 4.6.1 Purpose 4.6.2 Samples 4.6.3 Expectations 4.6.4 Results 4.6.5 Discussion

General Remarks

While putting together the Counter-system there are multiple experiments to carry out. One aspect is of course to test and prove the overall functionality. However, although the system we plan to implement consists largely of registry parts it will be new as a whole and it may well be very fragile due to its high complexity of interdependent parts and states. Thus it is far from assured whether the whole device will work in the end. For this reason it is sensible to test every single intermediate on the way to assure that a flaw is detected right away and not propagated through weeks of hard work - we will refer to this as testing and debugging, just like in software projects.

Another aspect - especially within the framework of Synthetic Biology - is the characterization of intermediate parts. One has to distinguish different aspects of the system: PoPS at the part interface tell you how much mRNA is produced per second and thus the efficiency of the promoter that is used (and the influence of possible additional factors like the roadblocks we will implement). However, PoPS might be different from the concentration of the actual proteins present in the cytoplasm due to variation in the translation efficiency. Another important detail is the stability and degradation rate of these proteins - especially for the rather fragile system dynamics of our device.

Protein Properties of Interest

The system behavior obviously depends on the interdependent sequence of fluctuating protein concentrations. While for the mathematical modeling of our system and for Synthetic Biology as a whole low level parameters are important - such as production and degradation rates, binding affinity, cooperativity of dimers, etc. - the thing that we typically can observe are reporter protein concentrations. Some things we can deduce from these observations, others we can't. However, to keep track of this delicate interdependence of fluctuations we put a whishlist of what we would like to know and what we do know - strictly in the context of our system, that is.

Protein	Production Rate	Degradation Rate	Max. Conc.	Min. Conc.
IPTG	adjustable: test	?	adjustable: test	0
LacI+LVA	?	?	?	?
cI	?	?	?	?
cI+LVA	?	ht = 4 min	?: test	?: test
GFP @Pr	?	?	?: test	?: test
GFP @Prm	?	?	?: test	?: test
RFP @Prm	?	?	?: test	?: test
YFP+LVA @?	?	?	?: test	?: test
CFP+LVA @?	?	?	?: test	?: test
XFP @Pr+ZFBSn (ZF i,k)	?	?	?: test	?: test
XFP @Prm+ZFBSn (ZF i,k)	?	?	?: test	?: test

It is indeed a tedious task to measure these parameters, since most aspects of a biological system have to be observed indirectly over markers, e.g. fluorescent proteins. We are determined to carry out as many experiments to test and quantify as we can reasonably afford - but of course, this is mostly grey theory within the framework of this competition, since we are running out of both time and resources. The actual concentration and dynamics of proteins is the crucial factor for the system to work and thus the aspect we ultimately care about - as opposed to PoPS at the part level.

Focus of Experiments

Since Blue Heron is hopelessly delayed with the synthesis of the parts of the 4-State Device and does not seem to be able to deliver the samples, all we can do for now is to characterize parts of the Event Processing Device as they become available.

Quantification of Relative Pr and Prm Activity

There are two external states: normal activity (no IPTG present) and the simulation of an external event (IPTG present). An important aspect is the quantification of the relative activity of the key promoters, Pr and Prm, in these two states.

Ground State

We can easily compare the basal activity of the constitutively active Pr and the low basal activity of the inactive Prm by adding GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) to both, parts [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335] and [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336], and measuring the statistical distribution of GFP intensity over a sample, i.e. a cell population, with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent-activated_cell_sorting FACS] (Fluorescent-activated Cell Sorting). The instrument is the [http://www.bdbiosciences.com/immunocytometry_systems/products/display_product.php?keyID=53| BD FACSAria Cell-Sorting System]. We will also quantify Prm activity with RFP (Red Fluorescent Protein), i.e. part [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6127| S03337], in order to have comparison when carrying out measurements on the mixed system, see below.

External Event

Since we chose a very stable GFP to make sure it is not degrading faster than it can be measured it is more difficult to quantify the repressed activity of Pr and the induced activity of Prm in presence of IPTG. We will try to inverse the states in certain cultures, i.e. parts [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503] and [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504], by adding IPTG already during transformation (when the cells take in the plasmids) and thus inducing high cI production from the very beginning so that the stable GFP is not produced in the first place. Possibly (but unlikely) we can observe the dynamics of the system when IPTG is slowly degrading (it does't really) and Pr becomes active again and Prm is repressed. In any case we are cloning other GFP with degradation tags in parallel to Pr and Prm. Also we are cloning ECFP (cyan) and EYFP (yellow) with degradation tags and which can both be found in the current Registry 7.05 package we are using.

Estimate of Minimal IPTG Concentration/Degradation

For the efficient execution of later experiments it is useful to know the minimal concentration of IPTG that is needed to reach saturation of the cI production rate. Also, IPTG is by definition very stable. We are using it because we could not be sure if we would see anything at all. Now that we know we have to estimate the degradation time of IPTG or rather find alternatives, such as Lactose (which degrades much faster).

Quantification of Lac-Input System

We use the LacI system in the registry as an interface to make the production of cI which in turn controls Pr and Prm dependent on an external event, i.e. the presence of IPTG. This input system is inactive in absence of IPTG. With part [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505] we will test over the reporter protein GFP the basic functionality: we hope to roughly quantify the basal activity and thus the minimal concentration of cI (due to leaking) compared to the active state in presence of IPTG and thus the maxium concentration of cI.

System Dynamics

If we have time, we will observe the dynamics of the input system with parts [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503] and [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504] with FACS (quantification, statistics) and under an optical microscope (tracking of specific single cells). The impact of different concentration levels of IPTG will be tested as well. If the inversion of intial states as described above does not work, we will use other parts with fast degrading GFP (which will hopefully be ready by then).

Measurements

To assure basic functionality and to characterize the intermediate parts, multiple additional parts, or "debugging" parts, have to be designed.

We have carried out multiple measurements while learning on the job about instruments, preparation procedures, and cell behavior. Only measurements with sensible results will be logged on this page.

In a first series of measurements we maintained 25° C during growth and preparation of the cell cultures in order to have consistent conditions on different measurement systems and to have a slower cell cycle. However, the preparation at these temperatures was very slow and we can not be sure that we see "real" production rates, since E. coli's niche is obviously some very constant 37° C. Thus we switched to 37° C for later experiments.

Experiment 2005/10/07: OM-01 / FM-01

Purpose

Verify basic functionality / success of cloning under the optical microscope and fluorometer. Get a first rough idea of the relative activity of Pr and Prm.

Samples

• Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
• Prm ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=4799| I12007]) -> control

• Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> basal activity
• Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity (leakiness)

Expectations

We expect to see a clear difference in the activity of Pr in maximum activation and Prm in basal state.

Results

This preliminary experiment showed good results, i.e. an approximate ration of the two promoters of

Pr(active)/Prm(basal) = 3 to 6

Discussion

This was only a quick and dirty measurement for testing the basic functionality. We will have to confirm these results with the more precise FACS. However, so far things look good, since the difference between active Pr and basal Prm is bigger than 2.

Experiment 2005/10/25: FACS-01

Purpose

More precise measurement of basal activity of Pr and Prm and statistical properties of the population. Relative intensities. Basal (leakiness) and IPTG-induced activity of lac-input system and thus cI production.

Samples

Note: the promoters have been prepared at 37° C, the lac-systems at 25 ° C

• Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
• Prm ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=4799| I12007]) -> control

• Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> max. activity
• Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity (leakiness)

• Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6127| S03337]) -> comparison (rel. intensity GFP vs. RFP)

• lac-system, 0.00 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ no induction
• lac-system, 0.25 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ intermediate induction
• lac-system, 2.50 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ high induction

• lac-system+GFP, 0.00 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> leakiness @ no induction
• lac-system+GFP, 0.25 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> activity @ intermediate induction
• lac-system+GFP, 2.50 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> activity @ high induction

Expectations

The goal is to confirm the outcome of previous experiments, i.e. the Pr/Prm-ratio from FM01. Also, we want to put the intensity of GFP and RFP into relation for the same promoter (Prm). Finally we would like to estimate the leakiness of the two alternative lac-input systems (cI degradation does not matter at this point) - which is known to be leaky - at different levels of IPTG-induction.

Results

Unfortunately, we could not confirm the Pr/Prm intensity ratio of 3 to 6. The ratio measured in this experiment is around 1.6.

Discussion

The different Pr/Prm ratio clearly contradicts previous experiments with the fluorometer. So either the samples have changed (e.g. accumulation of non-degrading fluorophores over time) or one of the measurements is invalid. Thus we will have to carry out more experiments to narrow this down.

Experiment 2005/10/27: FM-02

Purpose

Repetition: Quantify relative activity of Pr and Prm with the fluorometer to confirm / falsify first measurement.

Samples

• Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
• Prm ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=4799| I12007]) -> control

• Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> full activity
• Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity (leakiness)

Expectations

We expected to confirm the results from either the first analysis with the fluorometer or from the second measurment with the FACS. One pair should be consistent and will lead to further conclusions about the nature of this difference, i.e. whether we do not handle the instruments properly or whether it has to do with the samples (age, accumulation).

Results

After having adjusted the samples to OD600=1, we used the Pr-GFP sample to set the highest expected fluorescence at 501. Relative fluorescence of the Prm-GFP was 474, whereas for the two control it was 80. That results in a Pr/Prm activity ratio of 1.05.

Discussion

The difference in the two measurements could be due to a measurement error (the wrong sample was measured), but possibly it could be due to a saturation of GFP production in both systems. Since the plates are 2 weeks old, and since GFP is very stable, it can be supposed that after a while the concentration of GFP reaches a maximum level, independently of the promoter activity. Therefore new transformations should be performed with both plasmids and measurements should be then started ASAP.

Experiment 2005/10/28: FACS-02

Purpose

Repeat Pr/Prm comparison with samples prepared at 25° C to confirm / falsify results from FACS-01. Test relative activity when Pr and Prm are active in the same cell. Test whole EPD performance in ground state and IPTG-induced state. Not testing dynamics.

Samples

• Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
• Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> max. activity
• Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity

• Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6128| S03338]) -> individual cell comparison (intensity Pr+GFP vs. Prm+RFP)

• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 0.00 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ no induction
• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 0.25 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ no induction
• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 2.50 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> activity @ high induction

• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.00 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ no induction
• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.25 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ no induction
• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 2.50 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> activity @ high induction

Expectations

Results

Something seems to be very wrong and the results don't make too much sense. We will repeat all measurments with a fresh culture.

Discussion

Experiment 2005/10/31: FACS-03

Purpose

Time series to test activity at different induction levels. Test suitable IPTG range. Inverse case: cell preparation with IPTG present from transformation on (IPTG won't degrade?!).

Samples

Incubation over night: @ 37° C. Centrifugation: @ 225rpm. Volume: 3mL LB. Selection: Amp75/Km30.

• Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
• Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> max. activity
• Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity
• Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6127| S03337]) -> comparison (rel. intensity GFP vs. RFP)

• lac-system+GFP, 0.000 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ no induction
• lac-system+GFP, 0.050 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ intermediate induction
• lac-system+GFP, 0.250 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ intermediate induction
• lac-system+GFP, 2.500 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ high induction

Transformation with 0.250 mM IPTG

• lac-system+GFP (transferred to 0.000 mM IPTG)
• lac-system+GFP (maintained at 0.250 mM IPTG)

• Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6128| S03338]) -> individual cell comparison (intensity Pr+GFP vs. Prm+RFP)

• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.00 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ no induction
• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.25 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ no induction
• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 2.50 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> activity @ high induction

• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 0.00 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ no induction
• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 0.25 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ no induction
• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 2.50 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> activity @ high induction

Expectations

Pr in active state is stronger than Prm in basal state. RFP intensity is weaker than GFP intensity for same promoter in FACS system.

Lac-input system with initial induction of IPTG will show maximum activity of Plac and stay at this level as long as the IPTG concentration is maintained, but will go back to basal activity if transferred to a medium without IPTG.

Lac-input is going to be leaky. Different induction levels of IPTG lead to different activity levels. Identify minimal concentration leading to sufficient activity.

Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP: same values as for single components.

For the whole systems, i.e. one with cI and one cI+LVA: Without induction, we expect high GFP intensity, but somewhat reduced compard to the single component system, because the Plac is leaky (as previous results have shown). For RFP we expect basal activity, however, somewhat increased for the same reason. Thus, the ratio between active Pr and basal Prm will be further reduced (i.e. < 2). By increasing the concentration of IPTG we expect to slowly invert this ratio, i.e. low or zero GFP activity and high RFP activity. For cultures that have been transformed under constant IPTG induction, we expect low or zero GFP activity and very high RFP activity, however, when transferred to a IPTG-free media the system will go back to ground state. Also, we expect same intensities at the same level of induction for cultures that have always been induced and those that have later been induced (same final state). It might be possible to observe a difference between systems with and without degradation tag for cI after changing to IPTG-free medium.

Results

Pr is stronger than Prm by a factor of 2 according to the GFP comparison.

RFP intensity is around 15% of GFP intensity.

TBD: Estimate of leakiness of lac-input system based on a comparison of the -0/+0 samples. set maximum activity as reference (001-j5+2500 - or higher in future experiments). put everything into relation to this reference.

TBD: Degradation/dilution of GFP can be estimated based on a comparison of -0/-250 samples (for the whole system dilution might overcome the lack of degradation to some degree). compute relation of j5+0 and j5+250.

Strangely, for Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP RFP expression seems to be weaker in the compound than when comparing single components. TBD: quantitative comparison.

The whole systems behave strangely, since both activities seem to go down with increasing concentratoin of IPTG instead of lowering GFP activity and increasing RFP activity.

However, for the system with cI+LVA we do see a decrease in GFP with higher induction.

We cannot see any difference between cI and cI+LVA.

For both systems we have high GFP activity in ground state (without induction), but also high RFP activity. TBD: try to quantify this

When increasing the IPTG concentration we observe reduction of GFP activity for the cI+LVA system. Saturation seems to be already reached at 0.050 mM of IPTG - the smallest concentration tested so far. In this system RFP activity seems to remain constant. TBD: try to quantify. check number of cells.

Discussion

Experiment 2005/10/31: LEICA-03

Purpose

Observe single cells under the optical microscope. Estimate/confirm relative activity of Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP subsystem and the two complete systems with and without degradation tag for cI. Compare different pre and post concentrations of IPTG.

Samples

E.coli fixed on Agarose between glass object holder and cover plate.

• Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6128| S03338]) -> individual cell comparison (intensity Pr+GFP vs. Prm+RFP)

Transformation without IPTG present. IPTG added later:

• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI), 0.000 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ no induction
• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI), 0.250 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> high post induction

Transformation with IPTG present. IPTG removed (change of substrate) or kept later:

• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI), 0.250 mM IPTG-init, 0.00 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> initial reduction, back to ground state
• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI), 0.250 mM IPTG-init, 0.25 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> induction maintained

Transformation without IPTG present. IPTG added later:

• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.000 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ no induction
• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.250 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> high post induction

Transformation with IPTG present. IPTG removed (change of substrate) or kept later:

• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.250 mM IPTG-init, 0.00 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> initial reduction, back to ground state
• lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.250 mM IPTG-init, 0.25 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> induction maintained

Expectations

Confirm Strong GFP signal (active Pr) and very weak RFP signal (basal Prm) with Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP subsystem (representing uninduced ground state). Check signal inversion for induced states of whole systems. Check consistency of pre and post induction for same end concentrations of IPTG. Possibly see difference between cI and cI+LVA.

Results

Strong GFP signal (Pr) for Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP subsystem (representing uninduced ground state). Very weak RFP signal (Prm) of the system. We used the same gains and background for both fluorophores (detected with separate PMTs).

GFP excitation only with 488nm Argon laser possible. Very weak GFP signal above ~560nm. RFP excitation only with 561nm Solid state 2 and 594nm HeNe lasers possible. Dark gap between the two spectra around 565-585nm observable (however, keep in mind that RFP is very weak).

Unfortunately, we could not find any cells in the lac-system samples. No idea what went wrong.

Discussion

After learning how to prepare the samples properly (also for on-instrument induction if sensible) and how to handle the rather complex system ([http://www.lmc.ethz.ch/Instruments/Microscopes/Leica_SP2_AOBS| Leica SP2 AOBS]) properly in previous sessions, this measurement makes more sense. The Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP subsystem works as expected, i.e. strong Pr activity and basal Prm activity, even though RFP is the weaker fluorophore anyway.

Next steps: Repeat the experiment once we are sure that the basic system works and that we interprete our results correctly, try to get an idea of the dynamics of what we have right now by making time series. It is likely that we are measuring accumulated fluorophore concentrations (they do not degrade, but are only diluted). Thus we have to estimate the speed of saturation for the system, i.e. the GFP and RFP concentration vs. time. First with either the fluorometer or with the FACS. Later, live induction of IPTG, hopefully increasing RFP intensity (current GFP does not degrade and will thus probably remain constant), might be observable on the LEICA.