Missouri Western State University 2006

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<center>{{Click || image=missouri_logo_large.gif | link=Missouri Western State University 2006| width=250px | height=100px }}
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<center>{{Click || image=Western.gif | link=Missouri Western State University 2006 | width=250px | height=100px }}
[[Image:MWSU.JPG|429px|]]  
[[Image:MWSU.JPG|429px|]]  
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Front Row (left to right) Adam Brown, Trevor Butner, Brad Ogden, Marian Broderick, Todd Eckdahl, Back Row (left to right) Jeff Poet, Eric Jessen, Kelly Malloy </center>
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Front Row (left to right) Adam Brown, Trevor Butner, Brad Ogden, Marian Broderick, Todd Eckdahl, Back Row (left to right) Jeff Poet, Eric Jessen, Kelly Malloy, Not shown: Lane Heard
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<small>See [http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=igem+missouri photos] from the [[ahessel:missouri|Ambassador visit]] on June 5-6, 2006.</small>
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<br>
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[[Image:DSC00077.JPG|429px|]]
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<br>
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Missouri Western and Davidson College teams collaborated for iGEM2006
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[[Image:iHOP1.JPG|429px|]] </center>
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<big><font color = red>iGEM 2006</font> [[Western's Awards]] and [[Photo Gallery]]
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<font color="blue">Missouri Western iGEM 2006 Powerpoint [http://staff.missouriwestern.edu/~eckdahl/Missouri_Western_iGEM2006.ppt]
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<br>
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<br>
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<font color="blue">Missouri Western iGEM 2006 Poster [http://staff.missouriwestern.edu/~eckdahl/iGEM2006_Missouri_Western_poster.ppt]
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<br>
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<br>
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<small>See [http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=igem+missouri photos] from the [[ahessel:missouri|Ambassador visit]] on June 5-6, 2006.</small><br><br>
== '''Students''' ==
== '''Students''' ==
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• Eric L. Jessen, senior biology major (health sciences),  [mailto:elj0152@missouriwestern.edu]
• Eric L. Jessen, senior biology major (health sciences),  [mailto:elj0152@missouriwestern.edu]
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• Kelly J. Malloy, senior biology/chemistry major (health professions),  [mailto:kjm6938@missouriwestern.edu]
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• Kelly J. Malloy, senior chemistry major (health professions),  [mailto:kjm6938@missouriwestern.edu]
• Brad J. Ogden, senior biology major (health sciences),  [mailto:bjo3000@missouriwestern.edu]
• Brad J. Ogden, senior biology major (health sciences),  [mailto:bjo3000@missouriwestern.edu]
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== '''Project Overview'''==
== '''Project Overview'''==
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Solving the Pancake Problem with an E. coli Computer
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<font color="blue">Solving the Pancake Problem with an E. coli Computer </font color>
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Our goal is to genetically engineer a biological system that can compute solutions to a puzzle called the burnt pancake problem. The EHOP computer is a proof of concept for computing in vivo, with implications for future data storage devices and transgenic systems. Our work was done in collaboration with the Davidson College iGEM team.  
Our goal is to genetically engineer a biological system that can compute solutions to a puzzle called the burnt pancake problem. The EHOP computer is a proof of concept for computing in vivo, with implications for future data storage devices and transgenic systems. Our work was done in collaboration with the Davidson College iGEM team.  
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The Burnt Pancake Problem
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<font color="blue">The Burnt Pancake Problem</font color>
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The pancake problem is a puzzle in which a scrambled series of units (or stack of pancakes) must be shuffled into the correct order and orientation. In the burnt pancake problem, each pancake is given an orientation by burning one side. The The leftmost stack in Figure 1 below shows a scrambled stack of burnt pancakes. To solve the problem, every unit, or pancake, must be placed in the proper order (largest on bottom, smallest on top) and in the proper orientation (burnt side down, golden side up). The pancakes are flipped with two spatulas: one to lift pancakes off the top of the stack (if needed), the other to flip part (or all) of the remaining stack of pancakes. The pancakes lifted by the first spatula are returned to the top of the stack without being flipped. The illustration below shows that this stack of pancakes can be put into correct order and orientation in three such steps.  One can verify that no two allowable flips are sufficient.  Mathematically, one question sorrounding this scenario is to determine the least number of allowable two-spatula flips needed to change a given arrangement of pancakes into the correct order and orientation.
The pancake problem is a puzzle in which a scrambled series of units (or stack of pancakes) must be shuffled into the correct order and orientation. In the burnt pancake problem, each pancake is given an orientation by burning one side. The The leftmost stack in Figure 1 below shows a scrambled stack of burnt pancakes. To solve the problem, every unit, or pancake, must be placed in the proper order (largest on bottom, smallest on top) and in the proper orientation (burnt side down, golden side up). The pancakes are flipped with two spatulas: one to lift pancakes off the top of the stack (if needed), the other to flip part (or all) of the remaining stack of pancakes. The pancakes lifted by the first spatula are returned to the top of the stack without being flipped. The illustration below shows that this stack of pancakes can be put into correct order and orientation in three such steps.  One can verify that no two allowable flips are sufficient.  Mathematically, one question sorrounding this scenario is to determine the least number of allowable two-spatula flips needed to change a given arrangement of pancakes into the correct order and orientation.
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Figure 1:  Illustration of 4-Pancake Burnt Pancake Optimal Solution
Figure 1:  Illustration of 4-Pancake Burnt Pancake Optimal Solution
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<font color="blue">Approach</font color>
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Approach
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Trial and error is one approach to solving the burnt pancake problem, but how could one compute the quickest solution? Our idea is to let E. coli do the work, using each cell as a tiny processor in a massively parallel machine. A mathematical model of the flipping process helps us design the system and interpret the output of our EHOP computer.  
Trial and error is one approach to solving the burnt pancake problem, but how could one compute the quickest solution? Our idea is to let E. coli do the work, using each cell as a tiny processor in a massively parallel machine. A mathematical model of the flipping process helps us design the system and interpret the output of our EHOP computer.  
   
   
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Biological System: The biological representation of a pancake is a functional unit of DNA such as a promoter or coding region. To flip these units of DNA, we have reconstituted the Hin/ Hix invertase system from Salmonella typhimurium as a BioBrick compatible system in E. coli. Hin invertase (BBa_J31001) was cloned from S. typhimurium, Ames strain TA100 and tagged with LVA. We built the recombinational enhancer (RE) and Hin invertase recognition sequence HixC using the publicly available genomic sequence of S. typhimurium and a dsDNA assembly program we created for gene synthesis from overlapping oligos.  
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<font color="red">Biological System</font color> 
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The biological representation of a pancake is a functional unit of DNA such as a promoter or coding region. To flip these units of DNA, we have reconstituted the Hin/ Hix invertase system from Salmonella typhimurium as a BioBrick compatible system in E. coli. Hin invertase (BBa_J31001) was cloned from S. typhimurium, Ames strain TA100 and tagged with LVA. We built the recombinational enhancer (RE) and Hin invertase recognition sequence HixC using the publicly available genomic sequence of S. typhimurium and a dsDNA assembly program we created for gene synthesis from overlapping oligos.  
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Every segment of DNA flanked by a pair of HixC sites is a "pancake" capable of being inverted. Hin invertase recognizes pairs of HixC sites and inverts the DNA fragment in between the two HixC sites with the help of the Fis protein bound to the RE. In our system, selectable phenotypes (including antibiotic resistance and RFP expression), depend upon the proper arrangement of a series of HixC-flanked DNA segments in a plasmid. This allows us to select for cells that have successfully solved the puzzle.  
Every segment of DNA flanked by a pair of HixC sites is a "pancake" capable of being inverted. Hin invertase recognizes pairs of HixC sites and inverts the DNA fragment in between the two HixC sites with the help of the Fis protein bound to the RE. In our system, selectable phenotypes (including antibiotic resistance and RFP expression), depend upon the proper arrangement of a series of HixC-flanked DNA segments in a plasmid. This allows us to select for cells that have successfully solved the puzzle.  
   
   
[[Image:250pxBioCake.jpg |250px|]]
[[Image:250pxBioCake.jpg |250px|]]
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Figure 2: A sorted stack of two biological "pancakes"  
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Figure 2 A sorted stack of two biological "pancakes"  
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A Little Graph Theory
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<font color="red">Mathematics</font color> 
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To better understand the possible results of the flipping of biological pancakes, it was necessary to better understand the combinatorial mathematics underlying the process.  For a burnt pancake problem involving n pancakes, there are n!2^n possible orders and orientations of the pancakes.  A graph representing the relationships between the 8 orders and orientations of two pancakes is given if Figure 3 below.  This is useful in understanding "how close" one stack is to another.  For example, if a stack begins as -2,1 and ends in the final position of 1,2, then we know AT LEAST two flips took place, although we can not determine exactly which flips or how many.  The flipping of a stack from an initial position to the final position corresponds to what is called a walk in the graph.
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Math:  To better understand the possible results of the flipping of biological pancakes, it was necessary to better understand the combinatorial mathematics underlying the process.  For a burnt pancake problem involving n pancakes, there are n!2^n possible orders and orientations of the pancakes.  A graph representing the relationships between the 8 orders and orientations of two pancakes is given if Figure 3 below.  This is useful in understanding "how close" one stack is to another.  For example, if a stack begins as -2,1 and ends in the final position of 1,2, then we know AT LEAST two flips took place, although we can not determine exactly which flips or how many.  The flipping of a stack from an initial position to the final position corresponds to what is called a walk in the graph.
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[[Image:2-pancakeGraph.jpg|420px|]]
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[[Image:2-pancakeGraph.jpg|350px|]]
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Figure 3:  Relationships among stacks of two pancakes
Figure 3:  Relationships among stacks of two pancakes
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Note that there are 48 possible stacks of three burnt pancakes.  While this graph is far more unwieldy, we were able to model this graph on a sphere.  Figure 4 below illustrates the view of the sphere from the "North Star".  The graph below has one vertex at the North Pole, five vertices on the Arctic Circle, eleven vertices on the Tropic of Capricorn, and fourteen vertices on the Equator.  The southern hemisphere is an inversion of this graph. Figure 5 is a picture of the full graph with 48 vertices on a sphere representing the 3-pancake problem.
Note that there are 48 possible stacks of three burnt pancakes.  While this graph is far more unwieldy, we were able to model this graph on a sphere.  Figure 4 below illustrates the view of the sphere from the "North Star".  The graph below has one vertex at the North Pole, five vertices on the Arctic Circle, eleven vertices on the Tropic of Capricorn, and fourteen vertices on the Equator.  The southern hemisphere is an inversion of this graph. Figure 5 is a picture of the full graph with 48 vertices on a sphere representing the 3-pancake problem.
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Figure 4a: Northern Hemisphere
Figure 4a: Northern Hemisphere
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Figure 4b: Anyone else see DaVinci's Vitruvian Man in this, or is it just us?
Figure 4b: Anyone else see DaVinci's Vitruvian Man in this, or is it just us?
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[[Image:permutation_ball.jpg|429px|]]
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Figure 5:  Full graph of the 3-burnt pancake problem
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Figure 3:  Relationships between 2-pancake stacks.
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A population of E. coli cells (1015 cells, for instance) each carrying ~100 copies of pancake stacks has astounding parallel processing capacity.
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Math: Our mathematical model for a stack of pancakes is a signed permutation, in which each numerical value represents the pancake size (or desired position in the stack) and the sign represents the orientation. For example, "1, 2, 3, 4" is a stack of four pancakes all in the proper order and orientation. "-2, 4, -1, 3" is a scrambled stack of the same four pancakes, as shown in Figure 1. Here, pancakes 1 and 2 are in the wrong orientation (burnt side up). A population of E. coli cells (1015 cells, for instance) each carrying ~100 copies of pancake stacks has astounding parallel processing capacity.  
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== '''Methods and Results'''==
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<font color="blue">Building New Parts</font color>  
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Methods included synthetic DNA, PCR of natural genes, and reversal of existing parts.
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Building new parts using synthetic DNA required that we determine the desired sequence, order the DNA to be made, anneal the oligos, ligate into pSB1A2, and verify using sequencing.  This method was used to build the HixC, Recombination Enhancer (RE), and the Reverse RBS.
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The process of PCR required us to locate the gene and design appropriate primers, isolate genomic DNA, work to optimize the PCR reaction, purify the band, and clone the gene into pSB1A2.  This method was used to make Hin recombinase from Salmonella, Hin recombinase with an LVA tag, and three antibiotic resistance genes from E. coli.
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To build reverse parts, we used a procedure that we affectionately call the PCR Switcharoo.  Here, we designed the primers with the biobrick prefix and suffix switched.  These primers were also complementary to the part.  We purified the Xba1/Spe1 fragment of the part, amplified and purified the fragment, then cloned it into pSB1A2.  We used this method to create the reversed pBAD promoter and three reversed antibiotic resistance genes.
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In our design of the construction, we wanted to attempt to control the flipping process.  IPTG turns on the Hin recombinase which in turn induces the flipping of segment of DNA between two HixC sites.  Here, recombination occurs without gene expression in the target.  We then introduce Arabinose which induces the pBAD promoter and, hence, gene expression in the target.  We can then use restriction digestion to measure recombination.
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<font color="blue">Basic Parts Made</font color> 
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Parts constructed in this project by the Missouri Western and Davidson iGEM teams:
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http://partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006&group=Missouri
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<font color="blue">Flipping DNA</font color> 
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One pancake and two pancake constructs were made and tested for flipping.  Restriction mapping was used to verify that flipping was occuring in one pancake constructs.  Since in these experiments the Hin recombinase expression cassette had not be intentionally induced, the flipping was occurring spuriously. 
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Additional experiments are underway to measure flipping genetically with Tet resistance and to test two pancake constructs.
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<font color="blue">Modeling </font color> 
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Modeling came into play in several phases of the project.
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1.  Modeling was used in the building of the biological system.  In particular, attention was paid to the order in which intermediates were constructed so as to maximize the number of intermediates that could be used to make controls for our experiments and for eventual future constructs with more pancakes.
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2.  Given two pancakes, there are eight possible constructs.  Modeling was used to help determine which of the constructs would be the most valuable for our investigation of the flipping mechanism.  This becomes a much larger concern very quickly as the number of pancakes increases.  There are 48 possible 3-pancake constructs and 384 possible 4-pancake constructs.  The larger scale constructs represent an opportunity for further exploration.  We have attempted to make intermediates that would be helpful in the investigation of this or other larger scale investigations.
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Methods and Results
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3.  We anticipate using modeling to deduce the kinetics of the pancake flipping and to detect any size or location biases associated with the flipping in the multiple-pancake problem.
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Basic parts: Parts used in this project were designed by the Missouri Western and Davidson iGEM teams
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Modeling
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Modeling the behavior of pancake flipping: deducing kinetics and size biases
 
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Using modeling to choose which families of unsolved pancake stacks to start with
 
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Building the Biological System
 
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Single pancakes  
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<font color="blue">Single pancakes </font color> 
The problems of read-through - uncontrolled Tet expression, uncontrolled flipping  
The problems of read-through - uncontrolled Tet expression, uncontrolled flipping  
New pSB1A7 vector: insulates, but is not compatible with parts carrying double terminators  
New pSB1A7 vector: insulates, but is not compatible with parts carrying double terminators  
Designing pancakes without TT's  
Designing pancakes without TT's  
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Two pancake constructs
 
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Biological equivalence - distinguishing 1,2 from -2,-1 using RFP-RBS, updated panckaes
 
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Conclusions
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<font color="blue">Two pancake constructs </font color> 
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Biological equivalence - distinguishing 1,2 from -2,-1 using RFP-RBS, updated panckaes
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== '''Conclusions'''==
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Consequences of devices: data storage, possible application for rearranging transgenes in vivo, proof-of-concept for bacterial computers, first in vivo controlled flipping of DNA??
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Potential consequences of our devices include:
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Next steps: can solve problem but need control over kinetics
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Lessons learned:
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Troubleshooting, communication, teamwork, publicity
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Math and Biology meshed really well and even uncovered a new proof
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Multiple campuses can increase capacity through communication and cooperation
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Size of school is not a limiting factor
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We had a blast and learned heaps
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1. data storage
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2.  possible applications for rearranging transgenes in vivo
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3.  proof-of-concept for bacterial computers
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Retrieved from "http://2006.igem.org/Davidson_2006"
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4.  first in vivo controlled flipping of DNA??
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5.  if controlled, the possibility of reversing ANY standard biobrick, thus nearly doubling the size of the iGEM registry
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During the course of the summer, many lessons were learned -- in addition to the molecular biology and mathematics involved in our problem.
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1.  Troubleshooting
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Setbacks were encountered along the way, including human errors, erroneous procedures, faulty materials, and limitations of equipment, time, and money.  Through creative thinking and teamwork with our Davidson collaborators, most of these setbacks were overcome.
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2.  Communication
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Through the wonders of the technology, we were able to communicate on a nearly daily basis throughout the summer between institutions that are literally 1000 miles apart.  We worked on our combined project with no face-to-face meeting of the teams or the team leaders.  We all anticipating our first meeting at the 2006 Jamboree.
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3. Teamwork
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The concept of teamwork came into play on several different levels during this project.  On one level was the interaction between the individual members on our team.  Each person has different interests and career aspirations, yet we were able to pull together utilizing each person's strengths while acknowledging but accepting each person's weaknesses.  Second, was the interdisciplinary interaction.  There were clearly times when each of the disciplines led the charge toward getting a better understanding of the situation.  Last, but certainly not least, was the teamwork between the Missouri Western team and Davidson College team.  Each team had its strengths.  Davidson College participated in iGEM 2005 whereas this was Missouri Western's first year.  Missouri Western was able to get started two weeks earlier than the Davidson team, however, and played a crucial role in the formulation of the framework for the problem (although the original suggestion of working on the Pancake Problem came from Dr. Heyer of Davidson).  Finally, while Davidson excelled at performing some of the biology procedures, Missouri Western students contributed through being very good at working with polyacrylamide gels -- ideal for working with some of the smaller segments of DNA.  Overall, this was an extremely successful collaboration.  Many thanks to our teammates at Davidson.
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4.  Publicity
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Working as a part of iGEM has garnered the attention of our school's administration and of the local press.  We were proactive in seeking out positive press.  As you may be aware, biotechnology is a current hot topic in the state of Missouri.  We have had favorable write-ups in both the local newspaper and a campus publication.  We anticipate more positive coverage on our return from the Jamboree.
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5.  The mathematics and biology meshed well in this project.  There was plenty for members with emphasis in both areas to stay engaged with the project.  This particular choice of project was ideal for the members of our combined team.
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6.  Multiple campuses can increase the capacity for both learning and product.  Through communication and cooperation, we have shown that it is possible for multiple institutions to work together on a single project.  Size of school does not seem to be a limiting factor.
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7.  Lastly, we had a blast and learned a lot of molecular biology, a lot of mathematics, a lot about the process of research, and a lot about the benefits of collaboration.
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<font color="blue">It was a great flippin' summer!!</font color> 
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== '''Assembly Plan'''==
== '''Assembly Plan'''==
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The graphic below was created using Geometer's SketchPad by Marian and shows the 24 vertices on the Northern Hemisphere, similar to the pushpin and rubber band manipulative above.  The edges in this graph represent the relationships among the permutations.  Pink edges correspond to the flip of a single pancake, black edges to the flip of a double, and green edges to vertices in the Southern Hemisphere.  A 3-D model on a globe (okay, it is really a beachball) is in progress.  Of curious note, doesn't this graph look similar to Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man?
The graphic below was created using Geometer's SketchPad by Marian and shows the 24 vertices on the Northern Hemisphere, similar to the pushpin and rubber band manipulative above.  The edges in this graph represent the relationships among the permutations.  Pink edges correspond to the flip of a single pancake, black edges to the flip of a double, and green edges to vertices in the Southern Hemisphere.  A 3-D model on a globe (okay, it is really a beachball) is in progress.  Of curious note, doesn't this graph look similar to Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man?
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[[Image:NorthernHemisphere.jpg|329px|]]  [[Image:da-vinci-man.jpg|229px|]]
 
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This image is the connected graph of forty-eight vertices on a sphere....finally!
 
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[[Image:permutation_ball.jpg|529px|]]
 
== '''Publicity''' ==
== '''Publicity''' ==
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[[Transformations]]
[[Transformations]]
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== '''To Do List ''' ==
 
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Since I have severe separation anxiety, post what you did and how things turned out each day right here.  Then I can offer suggestions and help plan the next steps. <br>
 
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Monday <br>
 
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[[Plasmid Prep]] <br>
 
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[[Vector Digestions]]<br>
 
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[[Develop Assembly Schedule]]
 
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Tuesday <br>
 
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Trevor: We will have to make reversed RBS and reversed double terminator - design PCR primers for this the way we did for the reversed pAra on Friday and post the proposed sequences here.<br>
 
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[[cloning hix fragments]]<br>
 
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Wednesday<br>
 
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[[Making Reverse pARA]]<br>
 
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Thursday <br>
 
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Oligos should arrive for reverse RBS and TT (described on [[Assembly]] page).  Do [[Reverse Parts with PCR]]<br>
 
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Pick four colonies off each of the transformation plates (except vector only plates) from yesterday and put into 5 ml LB+Amp at 37C overnight for plasmid preps tomorrow.<br>
 
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Friday <br>
 
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Do plasmid preps on overnight cultures<br>
 
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Measure plasmid yields with UV spec<br>
 
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Digest 200 ng (if that is not most of what we have) of plasmids with XbaI + SpeI and run on 12% PA<br>
 
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Start overnight cultures from transformations done on Thursday<br>
 
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Below are some questions from Jeff and some responses by Todd:<br>
 
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1.  Can we double up on some constructions like Promoter(Forward) and Promoter(Reverse) by inserting them into a plasmid that already has a Hix site and getting a 50-50 split (which we can presumably separate out)? <br>  I think it would be better to keep the two promoter orientations as separate constructions.<br>
 
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2.  Could we start with a plasmid with a Hix site and insert several things at the same time and then sort them out later?  (Example:  could we put in a short promoter, a medium length RBS, and a long coding region at the same time and sort them out by length as to which connected?  I think this is what you referred to as shotgun ligation when we were discussing the Traveling Salesman Problem.) <br> Again, I think that keeping things separate will be easier in the long run.<br>
 
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3.  Should Hix be the LAST thing in any subconstruction so that we can create a version with HixL, one with HixR, and one with Hix C? <br>
 
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I guess this boils down to the question of how big of a library of parts do we want to create.  Is it the case that every time we want to have a Hix site, we need one of each type of Hix?  If we take this approach, then we can investigate any differences between the types of Hix sites, perhaps finding the most effective/efficient combination.<br>
 
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The way I see it, there will be four pancakes, each in two orientations, and each one will have a hixC on the right (3') end.  That way, each could be used in modular fashion to make any of the four pancake constructs we want.<br>
 
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I think that for now we should head for the construction of parts that can be used in the two different one-pancake devices that will work in the four-pancake ones.  I think we should concentrate for now on using hixC only.  The problem can be subdivided into the following three devices: Hin recombinase producer, pancake flipping operon, and recombination enhancer.
 
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<font color='red'>
 
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Davidson Team: We believe we have Hix L, R and C cloned. We need to sequence these to verify. Also, we believe we have RE cloned. Again, we need to sequence this. We are still waiting for PCR primers for Hin. We will tackle this as soon as a pair shows up.
 
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Davidson Team: We like Todd's idea of a part + HixC on the 3' end. The most efficient way to produce this is to use a plasmid with Hix already in it. Do NOT try to cut out a Hix and then clone it. It is too small (26 bp). So always clone the bigger piece into the HixC vector. However, for one pancake devices, we'll need to have Hix on bothsides of Promoter and none on the RBS+coding followed by a separate Terminator.
 
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Davidson Team: We are working on the visuals and will add them to our wiki soon.
 
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</font color>
 
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From Todd:  Great work, Davidson Team!  We need to continue to plan our assembly and divide and conquer.  Jeff and our students are working on a schedule for assembly and there are also some thoughts at [[Develop Assembly Schedule]].  We are working on making reversed pAra this week and will also make plans to make reverse RBS and TT, which we will need eventually.
 

Latest revision as of 16:06, 27 January 2007

   
Missouri Western State University 2006

MWSU.JPG

Front Row (left to right) Adam Brown, Trevor Butner, Brad Ogden, Marian Broderick, Todd Eckdahl, Back Row (left to right) Jeff Poet, Eric Jessen, Kelly Malloy, Not shown: Lane Heard


DSC00077.JPG

Missouri Western and Davidson College teams collaborated for iGEM2006

IHOP1.JPG


iGEM 2006 Western's Awards and Photo Gallery


Missouri Western iGEM 2006 Powerpoint [http://staff.missouriwestern.edu/~eckdahl/Missouri_Western_iGEM2006.ppt]

Missouri Western iGEM 2006 Poster [http://staff.missouriwestern.edu/~eckdahl/iGEM2006_Missouri_Western_poster.ppt]

See [http://www.flickr.com/search/?q=igem+missouri photos] from the Ambassador visit on June 5-6, 2006.

Contents

Students

• Marian L. Broderick, senior mathematics major, [1]

• Adam D. Brown, senior biology major, [2]

• Trevor L. Butner, senior biochemistry/molecular biology major, [3]

• Lane H. Heard, Central High School (St. Joseph) senior, [4]

• Eric L. Jessen, senior biology major (health sciences), [5]

• Kelly J. Malloy, senior chemistry major (health professions), [6]

• Brad J. Ogden, senior biology major (health sciences), [7]

Faculty

• Todd Eckdahl [http://staff.missouriwestern.edu/~eckdahl/], Professor, Department of Biology, [8]

• Jeff Poet [http://staff.missouriwestern.edu/~poet/], Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, and Physics, [9]

Shipping Address: Todd Eckdahl, Biology Department, Missouri Western State University, 4525 Downs Drive, Saint Joseph, MO, 64507 [(816) 271-5873]

Project Overview

Solving the Pancake Problem with an E. coli Computer Our goal is to genetically engineer a biological system that can compute solutions to a puzzle called the burnt pancake problem. The EHOP computer is a proof of concept for computing in vivo, with implications for future data storage devices and transgenic systems. Our work was done in collaboration with the Davidson College iGEM team.

The Burnt Pancake Problem The pancake problem is a puzzle in which a scrambled series of units (or stack of pancakes) must be shuffled into the correct order and orientation. In the burnt pancake problem, each pancake is given an orientation by burning one side. The The leftmost stack in Figure 1 below shows a scrambled stack of burnt pancakes. To solve the problem, every unit, or pancake, must be placed in the proper order (largest on bottom, smallest on top) and in the proper orientation (burnt side down, golden side up). The pancakes are flipped with two spatulas: one to lift pancakes off the top of the stack (if needed), the other to flip part (or all) of the remaining stack of pancakes. The pancakes lifted by the first spatula are returned to the top of the stack without being flipped. The illustration below shows that this stack of pancakes can be put into correct order and orientation in three such steps. One can verify that no two allowable flips are sufficient. Mathematically, one question sorrounding this scenario is to determine the least number of allowable two-spatula flips needed to change a given arrangement of pancakes into the correct order and orientation.


PancakeIllustration.JPG

Figure 1: Illustration of 4-Pancake Burnt Pancake Optimal Solution

Approach Trial and error is one approach to solving the burnt pancake problem, but how could one compute the quickest solution? Our idea is to let E. coli do the work, using each cell as a tiny processor in a massively parallel machine. A mathematical model of the flipping process helps us design the system and interpret the output of our EHOP computer.


Biological System The biological representation of a pancake is a functional unit of DNA such as a promoter or coding region. To flip these units of DNA, we have reconstituted the Hin/ Hix invertase system from Salmonella typhimurium as a BioBrick compatible system in E. coli. Hin invertase (BBa_J31001) was cloned from S. typhimurium, Ames strain TA100 and tagged with LVA. We built the recombinational enhancer (RE) and Hin invertase recognition sequence HixC using the publicly available genomic sequence of S. typhimurium and a dsDNA assembly program we created for gene synthesis from overlapping oligos.

Every segment of DNA flanked by a pair of HixC sites is a "pancake" capable of being inverted. Hin invertase recognizes pairs of HixC sites and inverts the DNA fragment in between the two HixC sites with the help of the Fis protein bound to the RE. In our system, selectable phenotypes (including antibiotic resistance and RFP expression), depend upon the proper arrangement of a series of HixC-flanked DNA segments in a plasmid. This allows us to select for cells that have successfully solved the puzzle.

250pxBioCake.jpg Figure 2: A sorted stack of two biological "pancakes"

Mathematics To better understand the possible results of the flipping of biological pancakes, it was necessary to better understand the combinatorial mathematics underlying the process. For a burnt pancake problem involving n pancakes, there are n!2^n possible orders and orientations of the pancakes. A graph representing the relationships between the 8 orders and orientations of two pancakes is given if Figure 3 below. This is useful in understanding "how close" one stack is to another. For example, if a stack begins as -2,1 and ends in the final position of 1,2, then we know AT LEAST two flips took place, although we can not determine exactly which flips or how many. The flipping of a stack from an initial position to the final position corresponds to what is called a walk in the graph.

2-pancakeGraph.jpg

Figure 3: Relationships among stacks of two pancakes

Note that there are 48 possible stacks of three burnt pancakes. While this graph is far more unwieldy, we were able to model this graph on a sphere. Figure 4 below illustrates the view of the sphere from the "North Star". The graph below has one vertex at the North Pole, five vertices on the Arctic Circle, eleven vertices on the Tropic of Capricorn, and fourteen vertices on the Equator. The southern hemisphere is an inversion of this graph. Figure 5 is a picture of the full graph with 48 vertices on a sphere representing the 3-pancake problem.

NorthernHemisphere.jpg Da-vinci-man.jpg


Figure 4a: Northern Hemisphere

Figure 4b: Anyone else see DaVinci's Vitruvian Man in this, or is it just us?

Permutation ball.jpg

Figure 5: Full graph of the 3-burnt pancake problem

A population of E. coli cells (1015 cells, for instance) each carrying ~100 copies of pancake stacks has astounding parallel processing capacity.

Methods and Results

Building New Parts

Methods included synthetic DNA, PCR of natural genes, and reversal of existing parts.

Building new parts using synthetic DNA required that we determine the desired sequence, order the DNA to be made, anneal the oligos, ligate into pSB1A2, and verify using sequencing. This method was used to build the HixC, Recombination Enhancer (RE), and the Reverse RBS.

The process of PCR required us to locate the gene and design appropriate primers, isolate genomic DNA, work to optimize the PCR reaction, purify the band, and clone the gene into pSB1A2. This method was used to make Hin recombinase from Salmonella, Hin recombinase with an LVA tag, and three antibiotic resistance genes from E. coli.

To build reverse parts, we used a procedure that we affectionately call the PCR Switcharoo. Here, we designed the primers with the biobrick prefix and suffix switched. These primers were also complementary to the part. We purified the Xba1/Spe1 fragment of the part, amplified and purified the fragment, then cloned it into pSB1A2. We used this method to create the reversed pBAD promoter and three reversed antibiotic resistance genes.

In our design of the construction, we wanted to attempt to control the flipping process. IPTG turns on the Hin recombinase which in turn induces the flipping of segment of DNA between two HixC sites. Here, recombination occurs without gene expression in the target. We then introduce Arabinose which induces the pBAD promoter and, hence, gene expression in the target. We can then use restriction digestion to measure recombination.


Basic Parts Made Parts constructed in this project by the Missouri Western and Davidson iGEM teams:

http://partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006&group=Missouri

Flipping DNA

One pancake and two pancake constructs were made and tested for flipping. Restriction mapping was used to verify that flipping was occuring in one pancake constructs. Since in these experiments the Hin recombinase expression cassette had not be intentionally induced, the flipping was occurring spuriously.

Additional experiments are underway to measure flipping genetically with Tet resistance and to test two pancake constructs.

Modeling Modeling came into play in several phases of the project.

1. Modeling was used in the building of the biological system. In particular, attention was paid to the order in which intermediates were constructed so as to maximize the number of intermediates that could be used to make controls for our experiments and for eventual future constructs with more pancakes.

2. Given two pancakes, there are eight possible constructs. Modeling was used to help determine which of the constructs would be the most valuable for our investigation of the flipping mechanism. This becomes a much larger concern very quickly as the number of pancakes increases. There are 48 possible 3-pancake constructs and 384 possible 4-pancake constructs. The larger scale constructs represent an opportunity for further exploration. We have attempted to make intermediates that would be helpful in the investigation of this or other larger scale investigations.

3. We anticipate using modeling to deduce the kinetics of the pancake flipping and to detect any size or location biases associated with the flipping in the multiple-pancake problem.


Single pancakes The problems of read-through - uncontrolled Tet expression, uncontrolled flipping New pSB1A7 vector: insulates, but is not compatible with parts carrying double terminators Designing pancakes without TT's

Two pancake constructs Biological equivalence - distinguishing 1,2 from -2,-1 using RFP-RBS, updated panckaes

Conclusions

Potential consequences of our devices include:

1. data storage

2. possible applications for rearranging transgenes in vivo

3. proof-of-concept for bacterial computers

4. first in vivo controlled flipping of DNA??

5. if controlled, the possibility of reversing ANY standard biobrick, thus nearly doubling the size of the iGEM registry


During the course of the summer, many lessons were learned -- in addition to the molecular biology and mathematics involved in our problem.

1. Troubleshooting

Setbacks were encountered along the way, including human errors, erroneous procedures, faulty materials, and limitations of equipment, time, and money. Through creative thinking and teamwork with our Davidson collaborators, most of these setbacks were overcome.

2. Communication

Through the wonders of the technology, we were able to communicate on a nearly daily basis throughout the summer between institutions that are literally 1000 miles apart. We worked on our combined project with no face-to-face meeting of the teams or the team leaders. We all anticipating our first meeting at the 2006 Jamboree.

3. Teamwork

The concept of teamwork came into play on several different levels during this project. On one level was the interaction between the individual members on our team. Each person has different interests and career aspirations, yet we were able to pull together utilizing each person's strengths while acknowledging but accepting each person's weaknesses. Second, was the interdisciplinary interaction. There were clearly times when each of the disciplines led the charge toward getting a better understanding of the situation. Last, but certainly not least, was the teamwork between the Missouri Western team and Davidson College team. Each team had its strengths. Davidson College participated in iGEM 2005 whereas this was Missouri Western's first year. Missouri Western was able to get started two weeks earlier than the Davidson team, however, and played a crucial role in the formulation of the framework for the problem (although the original suggestion of working on the Pancake Problem came from Dr. Heyer of Davidson). Finally, while Davidson excelled at performing some of the biology procedures, Missouri Western students contributed through being very good at working with polyacrylamide gels -- ideal for working with some of the smaller segments of DNA. Overall, this was an extremely successful collaboration. Many thanks to our teammates at Davidson.

4. Publicity

Working as a part of iGEM has garnered the attention of our school's administration and of the local press. We were proactive in seeking out positive press. As you may be aware, biotechnology is a current hot topic in the state of Missouri. We have had favorable write-ups in both the local newspaper and a campus publication. We anticipate more positive coverage on our return from the Jamboree.

5. The mathematics and biology meshed well in this project. There was plenty for members with emphasis in both areas to stay engaged with the project. This particular choice of project was ideal for the members of our combined team.

6. Multiple campuses can increase the capacity for both learning and product. Through communication and cooperation, we have shown that it is possible for multiple institutions to work together on a single project. Size of school does not seem to be a limiting factor.

7. Lastly, we had a blast and learned a lot of molecular biology, a lot of mathematics, a lot about the process of research, and a lot about the benefits of collaboration.

It was a great flippin' summer!!



Assembly Plan

Western Assembly Plan

Davidson Assembly Plan

Math Stuff

The picture below is of the half graph for the signed permutations for the 3-pancake problem. The full graph would have 48 vertices with each connected to six other vertices. The plan is to transfer this half graph onto the northern hemisphere of a globe with 123 as the north pole, five permutations on the Arctic Circle, eleven on the Tropic of Capricorn, and seven on the equator. An identical graph can be placed on the southern hemisphere such that each permutation occurs diametrically opposite its biological complement. In the picture below, green edges correspond to flips involving one pancake only and black edges correspond to a flip in which a double pancake is involved.

3PancakeHalfGraph.JPG

The graphic below was created using Geometer's SketchPad by Marian and shows the 24 vertices on the Northern Hemisphere, similar to the pushpin and rubber band manipulative above. The edges in this graph represent the relationships among the permutations. Pink edges correspond to the flip of a single pancake, black edges to the flip of a double, and green edges to vertices in the Southern Hemisphere. A 3-D model on a globe (okay, it is really a beachball) is in progress. Of curious note, doesn't this graph look similar to Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man?


Publicity

MWSU Tower Topics [http://staff.missouriwestern.edu/~eckdahl/iGEM/Tower_Topics_7_2006.htm]

St. Joseph News-Press [http://staff.missouriwestern.edu/~eckdahl/iGEM/St_Joseph_NewsPress_7_2006.htm]

Research Links

OWW Protocols [http://openwetware.org/wiki/Protocols]

Source Plates [http://2006.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biobrick_delivery&printable=yes]

Goodman et al. 1973-1979. The Pancake Problems [http://www.math.uiuc.edu/~west/openp/pancake.html]

Nanassy and Hughes. 1998. In Vivo Identification of Intermediate Stages of the DNA Inversion Reaction Catlyzed by the Salmonella Hin Recombinase [http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/149/4/1649]

Lim et al. 1997. Hin-mediated Inversion on Positively Supercoiled DNA [http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/272/29/18434]

Hughes et al. 1992. Sequence-specific interaction of the Salmonella Hin recombinase in both major and minor grooves of DNA [http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=1628628]

Nanassy and Hughes. 2001. Hin Recombinase Mutants Functionally Disrupted in Interactions with Fis [http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/183/1/28?view=long&pmid=11114897]

Lee et al. 1998. In Vivo Assay of Protein-Protein Interactions in Hin-Mediated DNA Inversion [http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/180/22/5954]

Merickel et al. 1998. Communication between Hin recombinase and Fis regulatory subunits during coordinate activation of Hin-catalyzed site-specific DNA inversion [http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/abstract/12/17/2803]

Haykinson and Johnson. 1993. DNA looping and the helical repeat in vitro and in vivo: effect of HU protein and enhancer location on Hin invertasome assembly [http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=8508775]

Vasquez et al. 2004. Tangle Analysis of Gin Site-specific Recombination [http://math.berkeley.edu/~mariel/Vazquez_Gin04.pdf]

Merickel and Johnson. 2004. Topological analysis of Hin-catalysed DNA recombination in vivo and in vitro [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03890.x]

R.C. Johnson and M.F. Bruist. 1989. Intermediates in Hin-mediated DNA inversion: a role for Fis and the recombinational enhancer in the strand exchange reaction [http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&blobtype=pdf&artid=400990]

Lim and Simon. 1992. The Role of Negative Supercoiling in Hin-mediated Site-Specific Recombination[http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/abstract/267/16/11176]

The Pancake Tossing World Record[http://www.recordholders.org/en/records/pancake.html]

Cool site for Breakfast [http://www.cut-the-knot.org/SimpleGames/Flipper.shtml]

iGEM iDeas

Powerpoint with two possible project ideas. [http://staff.missouriwestern.edu/~eckdahl/Research/Synthetic_Biology_2006/IGEMideas%2005-29-06.ppt]

Assembly

Flip One Pancake

Protocols

Annealing Oligos

Ligation

Antarctic Phosphatase

Plasmid Preparation

Transformations

Personal tools
Past/present/future years