Experiments

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Back to [[ETH Zurich]] main page.
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'''NOTE: this page above all is currently under construction.'''
'''NOTE: this page above all is currently under construction.'''
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=General Remarks=
=General Remarks=
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For this reason it is sensible to test every single intermediate on the way to assure that a flaw is detected right away and not propagated through weeks of hard work - we will refer to this as testing and debugging, just like in software projects.  
For this reason it is sensible to test every single intermediate on the way to assure that a flaw is detected right away and not propagated through weeks of hard work - we will refer to this as testing and debugging, just like in software projects.  
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Another aspect - especially within the framework of Synthetic Biology - is the characterization of intermediate parts. One has to distinguish different aspects of the system: PoPS at the part interface tell you how much mRNA is produced per second and thus the efficiency of the promoter that is used (and the influence of possible additional factors like the roadblocks we will implement).  
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Another aspect - especially within the framework of Synthetic Biology - is the characterization of intermediate parts. One has to distinguish different aspects of the system: PoPS at the part interface tell you how much mRNA is produced per second and thus the efficiency of the promoter that is used (and the influence of possible additional factors like the [[4-State_Device#Actual_Implementation|roadblocks]] we will implement).  
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However, PoPS might be different from the concentration of the actual proteins present in the cytoplasm due to variation in the translation efficiency. Another important detail is the stability and degradation rate of these proteins - especially for the rather fragile system dynamics of our device.  
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However, PoPS might be different from the concentration of the actual proteins present in the cytoplasm due to variation in the translation efficiency. Another important detail is the stability and degradation rate of these proteins - especially for the possibly rather fragile system dynamics of our device.
=Protein Properties of Interest=
=Protein Properties of Interest=
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|IPTG
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|RFP @Prm
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|no degradation (20 years)
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|YFP+LVA @?
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|?: test
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|?: test
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|CFP+LVA @?
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|?
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|?: test
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|XFP @Pr+ZFBSn (ZF i,k)
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|?
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|?: test
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|XFP @Prm+ZFBSn (ZF i,k)
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|?: test
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=Feasability and Focus of Experiments=
 
It is indeed a tedious task to measure these parameters, since most aspects of a biological system have to be observed indirectly over markers, e.g. fluorescent proteins. We are determined to carry out as many experiments to test and quantify as we can reasonably afford - but of course, this is mostly grey theory within the framework of this competition, since we are running out of both time and resources. The actual concentration and dynamics of proteins is the crucial factor for the system to work and thus the aspect we ultimately care about - as opposed to PoPS at the part level.
It is indeed a tedious task to measure these parameters, since most aspects of a biological system have to be observed indirectly over markers, e.g. fluorescent proteins. We are determined to carry out as many experiments to test and quantify as we can reasonably afford - but of course, this is mostly grey theory within the framework of this competition, since we are running out of both time and resources. The actual concentration and dynamics of proteins is the crucial factor for the system to work and thus the aspect we ultimately care about - as opposed to PoPS at the part level.
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==Quantification of Relative Pr and Prm Activity==
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=Focus of Experiments=
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There are two external states: normal activity (no IPTG present) and the simulation of an external event (IPTG present). An important aspect is the quantification of the relative activity of the key promoters, Pr and Prm, in these two states.  
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Since Blue Heron is hopelessly delayed with the synthesis of the parts of the [[4-State Device]] and does not seem to be able to deliver the samples, all we can do for now is to characterize parts of the [[Event Processing Device]] as they become available.
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 +
==Quantification of Relative Pr and Prm Activity in Different States==
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There are two external states (simulated with IPTG in this prototype): normal activity in ground state (no IPTG present) and the simulation of an external event (IPTG present). An important aspect is the quantification of the relative activity of the key promoters, Pr and Prm, in these two states.  
===Ground State===
===Ground State===
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We can easily compare the basal activity of the constitutively active Pr and the low basal activity of the inactive Prm by adding GFP ('''G'''reen '''F'''luorescent '''P'''rotein) to both, parts [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335] and [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336], and measuring the statistical distribution of GFP intensity over a sample, i.e. a cell population, with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent-activated_cell_sorting| FACS] ('''F'''luorescent-'''a'''ctivated '''C'''ell '''S'''orting). The instrument is the [http://www.bdbiosciences.com/immunocytometry_systems/products/display_product.php?keyID=53| BD FACSAria Cell-Sorting System]. We will also quantify Prm activity with RFP ('''R'''ed '''F'''luorescent '''P'''rotein), i.e. part [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6127| S03337], in order to have comparison when carrying out measurements on the mixed system, see below.
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We can compare the basal activity of the constitutively active Pr and the low basal activity of the inactive Prm by adding GFP ('''G'''reen '''F'''luorescent '''P'''rotein) to both, parts [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335] and [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336], and measuring the statistical distribution of GFP intensity over a sample, i.e. a cell population, with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent-activated_cell_sorting FACS] ('''F'''luorescent-'''a'''ctivated '''C'''ell '''S'''orting). The instrument is the [http://www.bdbiosciences.com/immunocytometry_systems/products/display_product.php?keyID=53| BD FACSAria Cell-Sorting System]. We will also quantify Prm activity with RFP ('''R'''ed '''F'''luorescent '''P'''rotein), i.e. part [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6127| S03337], in order to have a comparison of relative intensities when carrying out measurements on the mixed system, see below.
===External Event===
===External Event===
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Since we chose a very stable GFP to make sure it is not degrading faster than it can be measured it is more difficult to quantify the repressed activity of Pr and the induced activity of Prm in presence of IPTG. We will try to inverse the states in certain cultures, i.e. parts [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503] and [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504], by adding IPTG already during transformation (when the cells take in the plasmids) and thus inducing high cI production from the very beginning so that the stable GFP is not produced in the first place. Then we can observe the dynamics of the system when IPTG is slowly degrading and Pr becomes active again and Prm is repressed.  
+
Since we chose a very stable GFP for the initial prototype to make sure it is not degrading faster than it can be measured it is more difficult to quantify the repressed activity of Pr and the induced activity of Prm in presence of IPTG. We will try to inverse the states in certain cultures, i.e. parts [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503] and [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504], by adding IPTG already during [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)| transformation] (when the cells take in the plasmids) and thus inducing high cI production from the very beginning so that the stable GFP is not produced in the first place. Possibly (but unlikely) we can observe the dynamics of the system when IPTG is slowly degrading (it does't really) or is diluted (cell division, change of substrate) and Pr becomes active again and Prm is repressed.  
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In any case we are cloning other GFP with degradation tags in parallel to Pr and Prm. Also we are cloning ECFP (cyan) and EYFP (yellow) with degradation tags and which can both be found in the current '''Registry 7.05''' package we are using.
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In any case we are cloning other GFP with degradation tags in parallel to Pr and Prm. Also we are planning to clone ECFP (cyan) and EYFP (yellow) with degradation tags and which can both be found in the current '''Registry 7.05''' package we are using.
==Estimate of Minimal IPTG Concentration/Degradation==
==Estimate of Minimal IPTG Concentration/Degradation==
For the efficient execution of later experiments it is useful to know the minimal concentration of IPTG that is needed to reach saturation of the cI production rate.
For the efficient execution of later experiments it is useful to know the minimal concentration of IPTG that is needed to reach saturation of the cI production rate.
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Also, IPTG is by definition very stable. We are using it because we could not be sure if we would see anything at all. Now that we know we have to estimate the degradation time of IPTG or rather find alternatives, such as Lactose (which degrades much faster).
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Also, IPTG is by definition very stable. We are using it for the initial prototype because we could not be sure if we would see anything at all. Now that we know we have to estimate the degradation time of IPTG or rather find alternatives, such as Lactose (which degrades much faster).
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==Quantification of LacI Input System==
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==Quantification of Lac-Input System==
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We use the LacI system in the registry as an interface to make the production of cI which in turn controls Pr and Prm dependent on an external event, i.e. the presence of IPTG. This input system is inactive in absence of IPTG.  
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We use the LacI system in the registry as an interface to make the production of cI (the [[Event_Processing_Device#Basic_Principle_of_Modified_.26lambda.3B-phage_system_in_EPD| regulator]] which in turn controls Pr and Prm) dependent on an external event, i.e. the presence of IPTG. This input system is inactive in absence of IPTG.  
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With part [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505] we will test over the reporter protein GFP the basic functionality: we hope to roughly quantify the basal activity and thus the minimal concentration of cI (due to leaking) compared to the active state in presence of IPTG and thus the maxium concentration of cI.
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With part [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505] we will test the basic functionality with the reporter protein GFP: we hope to roughly quantify the basal activity and thus the minimal concentration of cI (due to leaking) compared to the active state in presence of IPTG and thus the maxium concentration of cI.
==System Dynamics==
==System Dynamics==
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If we have time, we will observe the dynamics of the input system with parts [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503] and [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504] with FACS (quantification, statistics) and under an optical microscope (tracking of specific single cells). The impact of different concentration levels of IPTG will be tested as well. If the inversion of intial states as described above does not work, we will use other parts with fast degrading GFP (which will hopefully be ready by then).
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If we have time, we will observe the dynamics of the input system with parts [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503] and [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504] with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrofluorometer| spectrofluorometers], the FACS (quantification, statistics), and optical microscopes (tracking of specific single cells). The impact of different concentration levels of IPTG will be tested as well. If the inversion of intial states as described above does not work, we will use other parts with fast degrading fluorophores.
=Measurements=
=Measurements=
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To assure basic functionality and to characterize the intermediate parts, multiple additional parts, or "debugging" parts, have to be designed. We will try to maintain 25° C during growth and preparation of the cell cultures in order to have consistent conditions on different measurement systems. However, ''E. coli'''s niche is obviously very constant 37° C - so we will have to switch to that temperature if we encounter unexpected behavior.
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To assure basic functionality and to characterize the intermediate parts, multiple additional parts, or  
 +
"debugging" parts, have to be designed.  
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==Experiment 2005/10/07: OM/FS-01==
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We have carried out multiple measurements while learning on the job about instruments, preparation procedures, and cell behavior. Only measurements with sensible results will be logged on this page.
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In a first series of measurements we maintained 25° C during growth and preparation of the cell cultures in order to have consistent conditions on different measurement systems and to have a slower cell cycle. However, the preparation at these temperatures was very slow and we can not be sure that we see "real" production rates, since ''E. coli'''s niche is obviously some very constant 37° C. Thus we switched to 37° C for later experiments.
 +
 
 +
==Experiment 2005/10/07: OM-01 / FM-01==
===Purpose===
===Purpose===
-
Verify basic functionality / success of cloning under the optical microscope and flow spectrometer. Get a first rough idea of the relative activity of Pr and Prm.
+
Verify basic functionality / success of cloning under the optical microscope and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrofluorometer| spectrofluorometer]. Get a first rough idea of the relative activity of Pr and Prm.
===Samples===
===Samples===
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[[Image:Parts.Pr-GFP.jpg|thumb|Debugging part S03335: Pr+GFP]]
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[[Image:Parts.Prm-GFP.jpg|thumb|Debugging part S03336: Prm+GFP]]
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* Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
* Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
* Prm ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=4799| I12007]) -> control
* Prm ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=4799| I12007]) -> control
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* Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> basal activity
* Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> basal activity
* Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity (leakiness)
* Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity (leakiness)
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===Expectations===
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We expect to see a clear difference in the activity of Pr in maximum activation and Prm in basal state.
===Results===
===Results===
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This preliminary experiment showed promising results, i.e. an approximate ratio of the two promoters of Pr(active) / Prm(basal) = 3 to 6
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{| width=700 border=1 cellpadding=3
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|
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|'''Fluorescence'''
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|'''Visual'''         
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|-
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|'''Pr'''
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|[[Image:OM01_PrFluo01.jpg|thumb]]
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|[[Image:OM01_PrVis01.jpg|thumb]]
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|-
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|'''Prm'''
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|[[Image:OM01_PrmFluo01.jpg|thumb]]
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|[[Image:OM01_PrmVis01.jpg|thumb]]
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|}
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===Discussion===
===Discussion===
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This was only a quick and dirty measurement for testing the basic functionality. We will have to confirm these results with the more precise measurements. However, so far things look promising, since the difference between active Pr and basal Prm is a factor between 3 and 6.
==Experiment 2005/10/25: FACS-01==
==Experiment 2005/10/25: FACS-01==
===Purpose===
===Purpose===
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More precise measurement of basal activity of Pr and Prm and statistical properties of the population. Relative intensities. Basal (leakiness) and IPTG-induced activity of lac-input system and thus cI production.
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More precise measurement of basal activity of Pr and Prm and statistical properties of the population. Relative intensities. Basal activity (leakiness) and IPTG-induced activity of lac-input system and thus cI production.
===Samples===
===Samples===
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[[Image:Parts.Plac-GFP.jpg|thumb|Debugging part J05505: lac-system+GFP]]
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Note: the promoters have been prepared at 37° C, the lac-systems at 25 ° C
Note: the promoters have been prepared at 37° C, the lac-systems at 25 ° C
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* Prm ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=4799| I12007]) -> control
* Prm ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=4799| I12007]) -> control
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* Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> basal activity
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* Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> max. activity
* Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity (leakiness)
* Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity (leakiness)
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* Prm+RFP (tbd) -> comparison (rel. intensity GFP vs. RFP)
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* Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6127| S03337]) -> comparison (rel. intensity GFP vs. RFP)
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* lac-system, 0.00 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ no induction
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Pure lac-system without reporter as a negative control for FACS:
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* lac-system, 0.25 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ intermediate induction
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* lac-system, 0.00 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6123| S03334]) -> control @ no induction
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* lac-system, 2.50 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ high induction
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* lac-system, 0.25 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6123| S03334]) -> control @ intermediate induction
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* lac-system, 2.50 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6123| S03334]) -> control @ high induction
* lac-system+GFP, 0.00 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> leakiness @ no induction
* lac-system+GFP, 0.00 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> leakiness @ no induction
* lac-system+GFP, 0.25 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> activity @ intermediate induction
* lac-system+GFP, 0.25 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> activity @ intermediate induction
* lac-system+GFP, 2.50 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> activity @ high induction
* lac-system+GFP, 2.50 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> activity @ high induction
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===Expectations===
 +
The goal is to confirm the outcome of previous experiments, i.e. the Pr/Prm-ratio from [[Experiments#Experiment_2005.2F10.2F07:_OM-01_.2F_FM-01 | FM01]].
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Also, we want to put the intensity of GFP and RFP into relation for the same promoter (Prm). Finally we would like to estimate the leakiness of the two alternative lac-input systems (cI degradation does not matter at this point) - which is known to be leaky - at different levels of IPTG-induction.
===Results===
===Results===
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If we are interpreting the FACS results correctly, we can actually confirm a similar ratio of Pr/Prm intensity ratio:
 +
 +
* Prm+GFP vs. Pr+GFP (Pr+GFP as reference): Activity of Prm (basal) relative to Pr (full) is 31.11%
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 +
* Prm+RFP vs. Prm+GFP (Pr+GFP as reference): Intensity of RFP relative to GFP is 11.96%
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 +
* lac-system and leakiness vs. Pr
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** Intensity of activity at 0000uM IPTG induction relative to Pr+GFP: 1.23%
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** Intensity of activity at 2500uM IPTG induction relative to Pr+GFP: 3.65%
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**Intensity of activity at 2500uM IPTG induction relative to Pr+GFP: 3.84%
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 +
* lac-system leakiness
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** Intensity of activity at 0000uM IPTG induction relative to 2500uM induction: 32.12%
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** Intensity of activity at 0250uM IPTG induction relative to 2500uM induction: 94.90%
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** Intensity of activity at 2500uM IPTG induction relative to 2500uM induction: 100.00%
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===Discussion===
===Discussion===
 +
We have to carry out more experiments to confirm these results. We should confirm with the team that our interpretation of FACS data is correct. Also, the cell population might be too old, e.g. there might be accumulation of non-degrading fluorophores over time.
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==Experiment 2005/10/26: FACS-02==
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==Experiment 2005/10/27: FM-02==
===Purpose===
===Purpose===
-
Test relative activity when Pr and Prm are active in the same cell. Test whole EPD performance in ground state and IPTG-induced state. Not testing dynamics.
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Repetition: Quantify relative activity of Pr and Prm with the spectrofluorometer to confirm / falsify first measurement.
===Samples===
===Samples===
* Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
* Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
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* Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> sys. calibration
+
* Prm ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=4799| I12007]) -> control
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* Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> sys. calibration
+
 
 +
* Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> full activity
 +
* Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity (leakiness)
 +
 
 +
===Expectations===
 +
We expected to confirm the results from either the first analysis with the spectrofluorometer or from the second measurment with the FACS. One pair should be consistent and will lead to further conclusions about the nature of this difference, i.e. whether we do not handle the instruments properly or whether it has to do with the samples (population age, fluorophore accumulation).
 +
 
 +
===Results===
 +
After having adjusted the samples to OD600=1, we used the Pr-GFP sample to set the highest expected fluorescence at 501. Relative fluorescence of the Prm-GFP was 474, whereas for the two negative control samples it was 80. That results in a Pr/Prm activity ratio of 1.07.
 +
 
 +
===Discussion===
 +
This difference is very low and contradicts earlier measurements, i.e. FM01. The difference in the two measurements could be due to a measurement error (the wrong sample was measured), but possibly it could be due to a saturation of GFP production in both systems. Since the plates are 2 weeks old, and since GFP is very stable, it can be supposed that after a while the concentration of GFP reaches a maximum level, independently of the promoter activity.
 +
Therefore new transformations should be performed with fresh cells and measurements should then be carried out with minimal delay.
 +
 
 +
==Experiment 2005/10/28: FACS-02==
 +
===Purpose===
 +
Repeat Pr/Prm comparison with samples prepared at 25° C to confirm / falsify results from FACS-01. Test relative activity when Pr and Prm are active in the same cell. Test whole EPD performance in ground state and IPTG-induced state. Not testing dynamics.
 +
 
 +
===Samples===
 +
[[Image:Parts.Pr-GFP-Prm-RFP.jpg|thumb|Debugging part S03338: Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP]]
 +
 
 +
* Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
 +
* Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> max. activity
 +
 
 +
* Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity
* Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6128| S03338]) -> individual cell comparison (intensity Pr+GFP vs. Prm+RFP)
* Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6128| S03338]) -> individual cell comparison (intensity Pr+GFP vs. Prm+RFP)
-
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 0.00 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ no induction
+
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 0.000 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ no induction
-
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 2.50 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> activity @ high induction
+
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 0.250 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ intermediate induction
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 2.500 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> activity @ high induction
-
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.00 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ no induction
+
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.000 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ no induction
-
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 2.50 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> activity @ high induction
+
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.250 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ intermediate induction
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 2.500 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> activity @ high induction
 +
===Expectations===
===Results===
===Results===
 +
Something seems to be very wrong with the preparation of the cells and we have to look into that before taking into account the results of this measurement. In any case we will repeat all measurments with a fresh culture.
 +
===Discussion===
===Discussion===
==Experiment 2005/10/31: FACS-03==
==Experiment 2005/10/31: FACS-03==
===Purpose===
===Purpose===
-
Time series to test activity at different induction levels. Test suitable IPTG range. Inverse case: cell preparation with IPTG present from transformation on (IPTG won't degrade?!).
+
Time series to test activity at different induction levels. Test suitable IPTG range. Inverse case: cell preparation with IPTG present from transformation on (IPTG won't degrade).
===Samples===
===Samples===
 +
Incubation over night: @ 37° C. Centrifugation: @ 225rpm. Volume: 3mL LB. Selection: Amp75/Km30. '''Note''': we do not have a sample expressing maximum RFP intensity, so Prm+RFP was used as positive control to set the FACS.
 +
 +
* Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
 +
* Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> max. activity
 +
* Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity
 +
 +
* Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6127| S03337]) -> comparison (rel. intensity GFP vs. RFP)
 +
 +
Transformation without initial IPTG
 +
* lac-system+GFP, 0.000 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ no induction
 +
* lac-system+GFP, 0.050 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ intermediate induction
 +
* lac-system+GFP, 0.250 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ intermediate induction
 +
* lac-system+GFP, 2.500 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ high induction
 +
 +
Transformation with 0.250 mM IPTG, then transfer to different medium
 +
* lac-system+GFP, transformation with 0.250 mM IPTG, then transferred to 0.000 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505])
 +
* lac-system+GFP, transformation with 0.250 mM IPTG, maintained at 0.250 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505])
 +
 +
* Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6128| S03338]) -> single cell comparison (intensity Pr+GFP vs. Prm+RFP)
 +
 +
[[Image:EDP-DevParts-complete.jpg|thumb|Debugging part J05503: lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP]]
 +
 +
IPTG induction of the complete system with reporters, slow degradation of cI:
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 0.000 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ no induction
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 0.250 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ intermediate induction
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 2.500 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> activity @ high induction
 +
 +
IPTG induction of the complete system with reporters, fast degradation of cI with LVA-tag:
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.000 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ no induction
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.250 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ intermediate induction
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 2.500 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> activity @ high induction
 +
 +
===Expectations===
 +
* Pr in active state is stronger than Prm in basal state.
 +
* For Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP the same values should be observed as for single components.
 +
* RFP intensity is weaker than GFP intensity for same promoter in the FACS system (both naturally weaker, but also the system is not optimal to measure RFP emission).
 +
* The lac-input system with initial induction of IPTG will show maximum activity of Plac (and thus cI) and stay at this level as long as the IPTG concentration is maintained, but will go back to basal activity if transferred to a medium without IPTG.
 +
* Different induction levels of IPTG lead to different activity levels. Identify coarse range of minimal concentration leading to sufficient activity.
 +
* For the whole systems, i.e. one with cI and one cI+LVA:
 +
** a) The lac-input system is known to be leaky. Without induction, we expect high GFP intensity, but somewhat reduced compard to the single component system, because the Plac is leaky (as previous results have shown). For RFP we expect basal activity, however, somewhat increased for the same reason. Thus, the ratio between active Pr and basal Prm will be further reduced (i.e. < 2).
 +
** b) By increasing the concentration of IPTG we expect to slowly invert this ratio, i.e. low or zero GFP activity and high RFP activity.
 +
* For cultures that have been transformed under constant IPTG induction, we expect low or zero GFP activity and very high RFP activity, however, when transferred to a IPTG-free media the system should go back to ground state if the fluorophores either degrade or are sufficiently diluted during growth and cell devision.
 +
* Also, we expect same intensities at the same level of induction for cultures that have always been induced and those that have later been induced (same final state), if the accumulation of non-degrading fluorophores is not too high or balanced out by dilution.
 +
* It might be possible to observe a difference between systems with and without degradation tag for cI after changing to an IPTG-free medium.
 +
===Results===
===Results===
 +
It seems that both the measurement itself as well as the interpretation of the results is no trivial matter and requires some experience. Here the results we think we can interprete at this point:
 +
 +
* Prm+GFP vs. Pr+GFP (Pr+GFP as reference): Activity of Prm (basal) relative to Pr (full) is 44.00%
 +
* Prm+RFP vs. Prm+GFP (Pr+GFP as reference): Intensity of RFP relative to GFP is 33.21%
 +
 +
Comparison of Pr+GFP and Prm+GFP with FACS:
 +
{| width=700 border=1 cellpadding=3
 +
|'''Pr+GFP''' 
 +
|'''Prm+GFP'''         
 +
|-
 +
|[[Image:FACS03.Pr-GFP.jpg|thumb]]
 +
|[[Image:FACS03.Prm-GFP.jpg|thumb]]
 +
|}
 +
 +
* lac-system and leakiness vs. Pr
 +
** Intensity of activity at 0000uM IPTG induction relative to Pr+GFP: 0.79%
 +
** Intensity of activity at 0050uM IPTG induction relative to Pr+GFP: 14.60%
 +
** Intensity of activity at 0250uM IPTG induction relative to Pr+GFP: 15.43%
 +
** Intensity of activity at 2500uM IPTG induction relative to Pr+GFP: 17.59%
 +
 +
** lac-system leakiness
 +
* Intensity of activity at 0000uM IPTG induction relative to 2500uM induction: 4.50%
 +
* Intensity of activity at 0050uM IPTG induction relative to 2500uM induction: 83.00%
 +
* Intensity of activity at 0250uM IPTG induction relative to 2500uM induction: 87.70%
 +
* Intensity of activity at 2500uM IPTG induction relative to 2500uM induction: 100.00%
 +
 +
* lac-system with initial 250uM IPTG and different end concentrations
 +
** Intensity of activity at post 0000uM IPTG induction relative to post 2500uM induction: 4.01%
 +
** Intensity of activity at post 0250uM IPTG induction relative to post 2500uM induction: 89.56%
 +
 +
 +
 +
''... to be continued''
 +
===Discussion===
===Discussion===
 +
* Pr is clearly stronger than Prm. However, not so much and possibly not enough for the system to work. This could be due to the fact that Prm has a quite high basal activity. But there are other possible explanations to investigate:
 +
** a) There might be a drain, i.e. an overlap of the spectra, so that part of the emission originating from GFP are assigned to RFP by the measurement system. This of course you try to rule out when calibrating the system with positive and negative controls (Also it is difficult to separate the emissions of the two fluorophores when one is much weaker than the other).
 +
** b) Even weak promoters continue protein production during preparation. Since we are using a very stable fluorophore (RFP degrades over 20 years) it could accumulate in the time between preparation and actual measurement and the higher intensities might be due to higher concentrations of RFP. This should be verified by making a time series directly after preparation to see whether there is such an accumulation or saturation.
 +
** c) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_resonance_energy_transfer| FRET]: ''E. coli'' are very small bacteria, i.e. in the range of 1&mu;m. Thus, the concentrations of fluorophores might become very high and the fluorescence of RFP might be influenced by an energy transfer from GFP. Of course, this is just a possibility that we should rule out. This could be done preparing a cell extract: sonicating the population, thus destroying the cells and lowering the fluorophore concentration without losing the ratio. The resulting spectrum should show two distinct curves with true intensities.
 +
 +
==Experiment 2005/10/31: LEICA-03==
 +
===Purpose===
 +
Observe single cells under the [http://www.lmc.ethz.ch/Instruments/Microscopes/Leica_SP2_AOBS| Leica SP2 AOBS], which is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopy| confocal laser scanning microscope]. Estimate/confirm relative activity of Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP subsystem and the two complete systems with and without degradation tag for cI. Compare different pre and post concentrations of IPTG.
 +
 +
===Samples===
 +
''E.coli'' fixed on Agarose between glass object holder and cover plate.
 +
 +
* Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6128| S03338]) -> individual cell comparison (intensity Pr+GFP vs. Prm+RFP)
 +
 +
Transformation without IPTG present. IPTG added later:
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI), 0.000 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ no induction
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI), 0.250 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> high post induction
 +
 +
Transformation with IPTG present. IPTG removed (change of substrate) or kept later:
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI), 0.250 mM IPTG-init, 0.00 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> initial reduction, back to ground state
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI), 0.250 mM IPTG-init, 0.25 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> induction maintained
 +
 +
Transformation without IPTG present. IPTG added later:
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.000 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ no induction
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.250 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> high post induction
 +
 +
Transformation with IPTG present. IPTG removed (change of substrate) or kept later:
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.250 mM IPTG-init, 0.00 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> initial reduction, back to ground state
 +
* lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.250 mM IPTG-init, 0.25 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> induction maintained
 +
 +
===Expectations===
 +
Confirm Strong GFP signal (active Pr) and very weak RFP signal (basal Prm) with Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP subsystem (representing uninduced ground state).
 +
Check signal inversion for induced states of whole systems. Check consistency of pre and post induction for same end concentrations of IPTG. Possibly see difference between cI and cI+LVA.
 +
 +
===Results===
 +
[[Image:LEICA03_PrGFPPrmRFP01.jpg|thumb| Image of Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP construct (false colors). Upper left: GFP emission. Upper right: RFP emission. Lower left: Overlay of both emissions]]
 +
 +
Strong GFP signal (Pr) for Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP subsystem ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6128| S03338]: representing uninduced ground state). Very weak RFP signal (Prm) of the system. We used the same gains and background for both fluorophores (detected with separate PMTs).
 +
 +
GFP excitation only with 488nm Argon laser possible. Very weak GFP signal above ~560nm. RFP excitation only with 561nm Solid state 2 and 594nm HeNe lasers possible. Dark gap between the two spectra around 565-585nm observable (however, keep in mind that RFP is a weak florophore compared to GFP and that RFP expression is very weak in this sample).
 +
 +
Unfortunately, we could not find any cells in the lac-system samples. No idea what went wrong. We will have to repeat these experiments.
 +
 +
===Discussion===
 +
After learning how to prepare the samples properly (also for on-instrument induction if sensible) and how to handle the rather complex system ([http://www.lmc.ethz.ch/Instruments/Microscopes/Leica_SP2_AOBS| Leica SP2 AOBS]) properly in previous sessions, this measurement makes more sense.
 +
The Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP subsystem works as expected, i.e. strong Pr activity and basal Prm activity, even though RFP is the weaker fluorophore anyway.
 +
 +
Next steps: Repeat the experiment once we are sure that the basic system works and that we interprete our results correctly, try to get an idea of the dynamics of what we have right now by making time series shortly after cell preparation - as discussed before. It is likely that we are measuring accumulated fluorophore concentrations (they do not degrade, but are only diluted). Thus we have to estimate the speed of saturation for the system, i.e. the GFP and RFP concentration vs. time. First with either the spectrofluorometer or with the FACS. Later, live induction of IPTG, hopefully increasing RFP intensity (current GFP does not degrade and will thus probably remain constant), might be observable on the LEICA.
 +
 +
==Experiment 2005/11/02: FACS-04==
 +
===Purpose===
 +
Use fresh cells and try to make time series to see production rates and accumulation/saturation. Test whether glucose can help to reduce the leakiness of the lac-system.
 +
 +
===Samples===
 +
 +
 +
'''experiment has been carried out: results coming soon'''
 +
 +
===Expectations===
 +
 +
===Results===
 +
 +
'''Experiments carried out. Documentation coming soon...'''
 +
 +
 +
Time series of lac-system under glucose induction:
 +
{| width=700 border=1 cellpadding=3
 +
|'''time (min)'''
 +
|'''FACS plot''' 
 +
|'''IPTG induction'''         
 +
|-
 +
|'''0'''
 +
|[[Image:FACS04.j5-gluc_t0.jpg|thumb]]
 +
|0
 +
|-
 +
|'''15'''
 +
|[[Image:FACS04.j5-gluc_t1_(15')_1mM_IPTG.jpg|thumb]]
 +
|1 mM
 +
|-
 +
|'''30'''
 +
|[[Image:FACS04.j5-gluc_t2_(30')_1mM_IPTG.jpg|thumb]]
 +
|1 mM
 +
|-
 +
|'''60'''
 +
|[[Image:FACS04.j5-gluc_t3_(60')_1mM_IPTG.jpg|thumb]]
 +
|1 mM
 +
|-
 +
|'''120'''
 +
|[[Image:FACS04.j5-gluc_t4_(120')_1mM_IPTG.jpg|thumb]]
 +
|1 mM
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
===Discussion===
 +
 +
 +
==Experiment 2005/11/02: LEICA-04==
 +
===Purpose===
 +
Observe whole system under the microscope at different induction levels.
 +
 +
===Samples===
 +
''E.coli'' fixed on Agarose between glass object holder and cover plate.
 +
 +
===Expectations===
 +
 +
===Results===
 +
Hardware problems with the Microscope on this day prevented us from carrying out any experiments.
 +
 +
===Discussion===
 +
 +
Back to [[ETH Zurich]] main page.

Latest revision as of 21:19, 5 November 2005

Back to ETH Zurich main page.

NOTE: this page above all is currently under construction.


Contents

General Remarks

While putting together the Counter-system there are multiple experiments to carry out. One aspect is of course to test and prove the overall functionality. However, although the system we plan to implement consists largely of registry parts it will be new as a whole and it may well be very fragile due to its high complexity of interdependent parts and states. Thus it is far from assured whether the whole device will work in the end. For this reason it is sensible to test every single intermediate on the way to assure that a flaw is detected right away and not propagated through weeks of hard work - we will refer to this as testing and debugging, just like in software projects.

Another aspect - especially within the framework of Synthetic Biology - is the characterization of intermediate parts. One has to distinguish different aspects of the system: PoPS at the part interface tell you how much mRNA is produced per second and thus the efficiency of the promoter that is used (and the influence of possible additional factors like the roadblocks we will implement). However, PoPS might be different from the concentration of the actual proteins present in the cytoplasm due to variation in the translation efficiency. Another important detail is the stability and degradation rate of these proteins - especially for the possibly rather fragile system dynamics of our device.

Protein Properties of Interest

The system behavior obviously depends on the interdependent sequence of fluctuating protein concentrations. While for the mathematical modeling of our system and for Synthetic Biology as a whole low level parameters are important - such as production and degradation rates, binding affinity, cooperativity of dimers, etc. - the thing that we typically can observe are reporter protein concentrations. Some things we can deduce from these observations, others we can't. However, to keep track of this delicate interdependence of fluctuations we put a whishlist of what we would like to know and what we do know - strictly in the context of our system, that is.

Protein Production Rate Degradation Rate Max. Conc. Min. Conc.
IPTG adjustable injection no degradation adjustable: test 0
LacI+LVA ? ? ? ?
cI ? ? ? ?
cI+LVA ? ht = 4 min ?: test ?: test
GFP @Pr ? ? ?: test ?: test
GFP @Prm ? ? ?: test ?: test
RFP @Prm ? no degradation (20 years) ?: test ?: test

It is indeed a tedious task to measure these parameters, since most aspects of a biological system have to be observed indirectly over markers, e.g. fluorescent proteins. We are determined to carry out as many experiments to test and quantify as we can reasonably afford - but of course, this is mostly grey theory within the framework of this competition, since we are running out of both time and resources. The actual concentration and dynamics of proteins is the crucial factor for the system to work and thus the aspect we ultimately care about - as opposed to PoPS at the part level.

Focus of Experiments

Since Blue Heron is hopelessly delayed with the synthesis of the parts of the 4-State Device and does not seem to be able to deliver the samples, all we can do for now is to characterize parts of the Event Processing Device as they become available.

Quantification of Relative Pr and Prm Activity in Different States

There are two external states (simulated with IPTG in this prototype): normal activity in ground state (no IPTG present) and the simulation of an external event (IPTG present). An important aspect is the quantification of the relative activity of the key promoters, Pr and Prm, in these two states.

Ground State

We can compare the basal activity of the constitutively active Pr and the low basal activity of the inactive Prm by adding GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) to both, parts [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335] and [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336], and measuring the statistical distribution of GFP intensity over a sample, i.e. a cell population, with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescent-activated_cell_sorting FACS] (Fluorescent-activated Cell Sorting). The instrument is the [http://www.bdbiosciences.com/immunocytometry_systems/products/display_product.php?keyID=53| BD FACSAria Cell-Sorting System]. We will also quantify Prm activity with RFP (Red Fluorescent Protein), i.e. part [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6127| S03337], in order to have a comparison of relative intensities when carrying out measurements on the mixed system, see below.

External Event

Since we chose a very stable GFP for the initial prototype to make sure it is not degrading faster than it can be measured it is more difficult to quantify the repressed activity of Pr and the induced activity of Prm in presence of IPTG. We will try to inverse the states in certain cultures, i.e. parts [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503] and [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504], by adding IPTG already during [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformation_(genetics)| transformation] (when the cells take in the plasmids) and thus inducing high cI production from the very beginning so that the stable GFP is not produced in the first place. Possibly (but unlikely) we can observe the dynamics of the system when IPTG is slowly degrading (it does't really) or is diluted (cell division, change of substrate) and Pr becomes active again and Prm is repressed. In any case we are cloning other GFP with degradation tags in parallel to Pr and Prm. Also we are planning to clone ECFP (cyan) and EYFP (yellow) with degradation tags and which can both be found in the current Registry 7.05 package we are using.

Estimate of Minimal IPTG Concentration/Degradation

For the efficient execution of later experiments it is useful to know the minimal concentration of IPTG that is needed to reach saturation of the cI production rate. Also, IPTG is by definition very stable. We are using it for the initial prototype because we could not be sure if we would see anything at all. Now that we know we have to estimate the degradation time of IPTG or rather find alternatives, such as Lactose (which degrades much faster).

Quantification of Lac-Input System

We use the LacI system in the registry as an interface to make the production of cI (the regulator which in turn controls Pr and Prm) dependent on an external event, i.e. the presence of IPTG. This input system is inactive in absence of IPTG. With part [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505] we will test the basic functionality with the reporter protein GFP: we hope to roughly quantify the basal activity and thus the minimal concentration of cI (due to leaking) compared to the active state in presence of IPTG and thus the maxium concentration of cI.

System Dynamics

If we have time, we will observe the dynamics of the input system with parts [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503] and [http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504] with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrofluorometer| spectrofluorometers], the FACS (quantification, statistics), and optical microscopes (tracking of specific single cells). The impact of different concentration levels of IPTG will be tested as well. If the inversion of intial states as described above does not work, we will use other parts with fast degrading fluorophores.

Measurements

To assure basic functionality and to characterize the intermediate parts, multiple additional parts, or "debugging" parts, have to be designed.

We have carried out multiple measurements while learning on the job about instruments, preparation procedures, and cell behavior. Only measurements with sensible results will be logged on this page.

In a first series of measurements we maintained 25° C during growth and preparation of the cell cultures in order to have consistent conditions on different measurement systems and to have a slower cell cycle. However, the preparation at these temperatures was very slow and we can not be sure that we see "real" production rates, since E. coli's niche is obviously some very constant 37° C. Thus we switched to 37° C for later experiments.

Experiment 2005/10/07: OM-01 / FM-01

Purpose

Verify basic functionality / success of cloning under the optical microscope and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrofluorometer| spectrofluorometer]. Get a first rough idea of the relative activity of Pr and Prm.

Samples

Debugging part S03335: Pr+GFP
Debugging part S03336: Prm+GFP


  • Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
  • Prm ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=4799| I12007]) -> control
  • Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> basal activity
  • Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity (leakiness)

Expectations

We expect to see a clear difference in the activity of Pr in maximum activation and Prm in basal state.

Results

This preliminary experiment showed promising results, i.e. an approximate ratio of the two promoters of Pr(active) / Prm(basal) = 3 to 6

Fluorescence Visual
Pr
OM01 PrFluo01.jpg
OM01 PrVis01.jpg
Prm
OM01 PrmFluo01.jpg
OM01 PrmVis01.jpg

Discussion

This was only a quick and dirty measurement for testing the basic functionality. We will have to confirm these results with the more precise measurements. However, so far things look promising, since the difference between active Pr and basal Prm is a factor between 3 and 6.

Experiment 2005/10/25: FACS-01

Purpose

More precise measurement of basal activity of Pr and Prm and statistical properties of the population. Relative intensities. Basal activity (leakiness) and IPTG-induced activity of lac-input system and thus cI production.

Samples

Debugging part J05505: lac-system+GFP

Note: the promoters have been prepared at 37° C, the lac-systems at 25 ° C

  • Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
  • Prm ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=4799| I12007]) -> control
  • Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> max. activity
  • Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity (leakiness)
  • Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6127| S03337]) -> comparison (rel. intensity GFP vs. RFP)

Pure lac-system without reporter as a negative control for FACS:

  • lac-system, 0.00 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6123| S03334]) -> control @ no induction
  • lac-system, 0.25 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6123| S03334]) -> control @ intermediate induction
  • lac-system, 2.50 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6123| S03334]) -> control @ high induction
  • lac-system+GFP, 0.00 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> leakiness @ no induction
  • lac-system+GFP, 0.25 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> activity @ intermediate induction
  • lac-system+GFP, 2.50 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> activity @ high induction

Expectations

The goal is to confirm the outcome of previous experiments, i.e. the Pr/Prm-ratio from FM01. Also, we want to put the intensity of GFP and RFP into relation for the same promoter (Prm). Finally we would like to estimate the leakiness of the two alternative lac-input systems (cI degradation does not matter at this point) - which is known to be leaky - at different levels of IPTG-induction.

Results

If we are interpreting the FACS results correctly, we can actually confirm a similar ratio of Pr/Prm intensity ratio:

  • Prm+GFP vs. Pr+GFP (Pr+GFP as reference): Activity of Prm (basal) relative to Pr (full) is 31.11%
  • Prm+RFP vs. Prm+GFP (Pr+GFP as reference): Intensity of RFP relative to GFP is 11.96%
  • lac-system and leakiness vs. Pr
    • Intensity of activity at 0000uM IPTG induction relative to Pr+GFP: 1.23%
    • Intensity of activity at 2500uM IPTG induction relative to Pr+GFP: 3.65%
    • Intensity of activity at 2500uM IPTG induction relative to Pr+GFP: 3.84%
  • lac-system leakiness
    • Intensity of activity at 0000uM IPTG induction relative to 2500uM induction: 32.12%
    • Intensity of activity at 0250uM IPTG induction relative to 2500uM induction: 94.90%
    • Intensity of activity at 2500uM IPTG induction relative to 2500uM induction: 100.00%

Discussion

We have to carry out more experiments to confirm these results. We should confirm with the team that our interpretation of FACS data is correct. Also, the cell population might be too old, e.g. there might be accumulation of non-degrading fluorophores over time.

Experiment 2005/10/27: FM-02

Purpose

Repetition: Quantify relative activity of Pr and Prm with the spectrofluorometer to confirm / falsify first measurement.

Samples

  • Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
  • Prm ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=4799| I12007]) -> control
  • Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> full activity
  • Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity (leakiness)

Expectations

We expected to confirm the results from either the first analysis with the spectrofluorometer or from the second measurment with the FACS. One pair should be consistent and will lead to further conclusions about the nature of this difference, i.e. whether we do not handle the instruments properly or whether it has to do with the samples (population age, fluorophore accumulation).

Results

After having adjusted the samples to OD600=1, we used the Pr-GFP sample to set the highest expected fluorescence at 501. Relative fluorescence of the Prm-GFP was 474, whereas for the two negative control samples it was 80. That results in a Pr/Prm activity ratio of 1.07.

Discussion

This difference is very low and contradicts earlier measurements, i.e. FM01. The difference in the two measurements could be due to a measurement error (the wrong sample was measured), but possibly it could be due to a saturation of GFP production in both systems. Since the plates are 2 weeks old, and since GFP is very stable, it can be supposed that after a while the concentration of GFP reaches a maximum level, independently of the promoter activity. Therefore new transformations should be performed with fresh cells and measurements should then be carried out with minimal delay.

Experiment 2005/10/28: FACS-02

Purpose

Repeat Pr/Prm comparison with samples prepared at 25° C to confirm / falsify results from FACS-01. Test relative activity when Pr and Prm are active in the same cell. Test whole EPD performance in ground state and IPTG-induced state. Not testing dynamics.

Samples

Debugging part S03338: Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP
  • Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
  • Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> max. activity
  • Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity
  • Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6128| S03338]) -> individual cell comparison (intensity Pr+GFP vs. Prm+RFP)
  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 0.000 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ no induction
  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 0.250 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ intermediate induction
  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 2.500 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> activity @ high induction
  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.000 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ no induction
  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.250 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ intermediate induction
  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 2.500 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> activity @ high induction

Expectations

Results

Something seems to be very wrong with the preparation of the cells and we have to look into that before taking into account the results of this measurement. In any case we will repeat all measurments with a fresh culture.

Discussion

Experiment 2005/10/31: FACS-03

Purpose

Time series to test activity at different induction levels. Test suitable IPTG range. Inverse case: cell preparation with IPTG present from transformation on (IPTG won't degrade).

Samples

Incubation over night: @ 37° C. Centrifugation: @ 225rpm. Volume: 3mL LB. Selection: Amp75/Km30. Note: we do not have a sample expressing maximum RFP intensity, so Prm+RFP was used as positive control to set the FACS.

  • Pr ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=189| R0051]) -> control
  • Pr+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6125| S03335]) -> max. activity
  • Prm+GFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6126| S03336]) -> basal activity
  • Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6127| S03337]) -> comparison (rel. intensity GFP vs. RFP)

Transformation without initial IPTG

  • lac-system+GFP, 0.000 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ no induction
  • lac-system+GFP, 0.050 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ intermediate induction
  • lac-system+GFP, 0.250 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ intermediate induction
  • lac-system+GFP, 2.500 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505]) -> control @ high induction

Transformation with 0.250 mM IPTG, then transfer to different medium

  • lac-system+GFP, transformation with 0.250 mM IPTG, then transferred to 0.000 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505])
  • lac-system+GFP, transformation with 0.250 mM IPTG, maintained at 0.250 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6133| J05505])
  • Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6128| S03338]) -> single cell comparison (intensity Pr+GFP vs. Prm+RFP)
Debugging part J05503: lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP

IPTG induction of the complete system with reporters, slow degradation of cI:

  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 0.000 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ no induction
  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 0.250 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ intermediate induction
  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP, 2.500 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> activity @ high induction

IPTG induction of the complete system with reporters, fast degradation of cI with LVA-tag:

  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.000 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ no induction
  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.250 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ intermediate induction
  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 2.500 mM IPTG ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> activity @ high induction

Expectations

  • Pr in active state is stronger than Prm in basal state.
  • For Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP the same values should be observed as for single components.
  • RFP intensity is weaker than GFP intensity for same promoter in the FACS system (both naturally weaker, but also the system is not optimal to measure RFP emission).
  • The lac-input system with initial induction of IPTG will show maximum activity of Plac (and thus cI) and stay at this level as long as the IPTG concentration is maintained, but will go back to basal activity if transferred to a medium without IPTG.
  • Different induction levels of IPTG lead to different activity levels. Identify coarse range of minimal concentration leading to sufficient activity.
  • For the whole systems, i.e. one with cI and one cI+LVA:
    • a) The lac-input system is known to be leaky. Without induction, we expect high GFP intensity, but somewhat reduced compard to the single component system, because the Plac is leaky (as previous results have shown). For RFP we expect basal activity, however, somewhat increased for the same reason. Thus, the ratio between active Pr and basal Prm will be further reduced (i.e. < 2).
    • b) By increasing the concentration of IPTG we expect to slowly invert this ratio, i.e. low or zero GFP activity and high RFP activity.
  • For cultures that have been transformed under constant IPTG induction, we expect low or zero GFP activity and very high RFP activity, however, when transferred to a IPTG-free media the system should go back to ground state if the fluorophores either degrade or are sufficiently diluted during growth and cell devision.
  • Also, we expect same intensities at the same level of induction for cultures that have always been induced and those that have later been induced (same final state), if the accumulation of non-degrading fluorophores is not too high or balanced out by dilution.
  • It might be possible to observe a difference between systems with and without degradation tag for cI after changing to an IPTG-free medium.

Results

It seems that both the measurement itself as well as the interpretation of the results is no trivial matter and requires some experience. Here the results we think we can interprete at this point:

  • Prm+GFP vs. Pr+GFP (Pr+GFP as reference): Activity of Prm (basal) relative to Pr (full) is 44.00%
  • Prm+RFP vs. Prm+GFP (Pr+GFP as reference): Intensity of RFP relative to GFP is 33.21%

Comparison of Pr+GFP and Prm+GFP with FACS:

Pr+GFP Prm+GFP
FACS03.Pr-GFP.jpg
FACS03.Prm-GFP.jpg
  • lac-system and leakiness vs. Pr
    • Intensity of activity at 0000uM IPTG induction relative to Pr+GFP: 0.79%
    • Intensity of activity at 0050uM IPTG induction relative to Pr+GFP: 14.60%
    • Intensity of activity at 0250uM IPTG induction relative to Pr+GFP: 15.43%
    • Intensity of activity at 2500uM IPTG induction relative to Pr+GFP: 17.59%
    • lac-system leakiness
  • Intensity of activity at 0000uM IPTG induction relative to 2500uM induction: 4.50%
  • Intensity of activity at 0050uM IPTG induction relative to 2500uM induction: 83.00%
  • Intensity of activity at 0250uM IPTG induction relative to 2500uM induction: 87.70%
  • Intensity of activity at 2500uM IPTG induction relative to 2500uM induction: 100.00%
  • lac-system with initial 250uM IPTG and different end concentrations
    • Intensity of activity at post 0000uM IPTG induction relative to post 2500uM induction: 4.01%
    • Intensity of activity at post 0250uM IPTG induction relative to post 2500uM induction: 89.56%


... to be continued

Discussion

  • Pr is clearly stronger than Prm. However, not so much and possibly not enough for the system to work. This could be due to the fact that Prm has a quite high basal activity. But there are other possible explanations to investigate:
    • a) There might be a drain, i.e. an overlap of the spectra, so that part of the emission originating from GFP are assigned to RFP by the measurement system. This of course you try to rule out when calibrating the system with positive and negative controls (Also it is difficult to separate the emissions of the two fluorophores when one is much weaker than the other).
    • b) Even weak promoters continue protein production during preparation. Since we are using a very stable fluorophore (RFP degrades over 20 years) it could accumulate in the time between preparation and actual measurement and the higher intensities might be due to higher concentrations of RFP. This should be verified by making a time series directly after preparation to see whether there is such an accumulation or saturation.
    • c) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_resonance_energy_transfer| FRET]: E. coli are very small bacteria, i.e. in the range of 1μm. Thus, the concentrations of fluorophores might become very high and the fluorescence of RFP might be influenced by an energy transfer from GFP. Of course, this is just a possibility that we should rule out. This could be done preparing a cell extract: sonicating the population, thus destroying the cells and lowering the fluorophore concentration without losing the ratio. The resulting spectrum should show two distinct curves with true intensities.

Experiment 2005/10/31: LEICA-03

Purpose

Observe single cells under the [http://www.lmc.ethz.ch/Instruments/Microscopes/Leica_SP2_AOBS| Leica SP2 AOBS], which is a [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscopy| confocal laser scanning microscope]. Estimate/confirm relative activity of Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP subsystem and the two complete systems with and without degradation tag for cI. Compare different pre and post concentrations of IPTG.

Samples

E.coli fixed on Agarose between glass object holder and cover plate.

  • Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6128| S03338]) -> individual cell comparison (intensity Pr+GFP vs. Prm+RFP)

Transformation without IPTG present. IPTG added later:

  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI), 0.000 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> control @ no induction
  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI), 0.250 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> high post induction

Transformation with IPTG present. IPTG removed (change of substrate) or kept later:

  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI), 0.250 mM IPTG-init, 0.00 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> initial reduction, back to ground state
  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI), 0.250 mM IPTG-init, 0.25 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6131| J05503]) -> induction maintained

Transformation without IPTG present. IPTG added later:

  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.000 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> control @ no induction
  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.250 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> high post induction

Transformation with IPTG present. IPTG removed (change of substrate) or kept later:

  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.250 mM IPTG-init, 0.00 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> initial reduction, back to ground state
  • lac-system+Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP (cI+LVA), 0.250 mM IPTG-init, 0.25 mM IPTG-post ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6132| J05504]) -> induction maintained

Expectations

Confirm Strong GFP signal (active Pr) and very weak RFP signal (basal Prm) with Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP subsystem (representing uninduced ground state). Check signal inversion for induced states of whole systems. Check consistency of pre and post induction for same end concentrations of IPTG. Possibly see difference between cI and cI+LVA.

Results

Image of Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP construct (false colors). Upper left: GFP emission. Upper right: RFP emission. Lower left: Overlay of both emissions

Strong GFP signal (Pr) for Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP subsystem ([http://parts2.mit.edu/r/parts/partsdb/view.cgi?part_id=6128| S03338]: representing uninduced ground state). Very weak RFP signal (Prm) of the system. We used the same gains and background for both fluorophores (detected with separate PMTs).

GFP excitation only with 488nm Argon laser possible. Very weak GFP signal above ~560nm. RFP excitation only with 561nm Solid state 2 and 594nm HeNe lasers possible. Dark gap between the two spectra around 565-585nm observable (however, keep in mind that RFP is a weak florophore compared to GFP and that RFP expression is very weak in this sample).

Unfortunately, we could not find any cells in the lac-system samples. No idea what went wrong. We will have to repeat these experiments.

Discussion

After learning how to prepare the samples properly (also for on-instrument induction if sensible) and how to handle the rather complex system ([http://www.lmc.ethz.ch/Instruments/Microscopes/Leica_SP2_AOBS| Leica SP2 AOBS]) properly in previous sessions, this measurement makes more sense. The Pr+GFP+Prm+RFP subsystem works as expected, i.e. strong Pr activity and basal Prm activity, even though RFP is the weaker fluorophore anyway.

Next steps: Repeat the experiment once we are sure that the basic system works and that we interprete our results correctly, try to get an idea of the dynamics of what we have right now by making time series shortly after cell preparation - as discussed before. It is likely that we are measuring accumulated fluorophore concentrations (they do not degrade, but are only diluted). Thus we have to estimate the speed of saturation for the system, i.e. the GFP and RFP concentration vs. time. First with either the spectrofluorometer or with the FACS. Later, live induction of IPTG, hopefully increasing RFP intensity (current GFP does not degrade and will thus probably remain constant), might be observable on the LEICA.

Experiment 2005/11/02: FACS-04

Purpose

Use fresh cells and try to make time series to see production rates and accumulation/saturation. Test whether glucose can help to reduce the leakiness of the lac-system.

Samples

experiment has been carried out: results coming soon

Expectations

Results

Experiments carried out. Documentation coming soon...


Time series of lac-system under glucose induction:

time (min) FACS plot IPTG induction
0
FACS04.j5-gluc t0.jpg
0
15
FACS04.j5-gluc t1 (15') 1mM IPTG.jpg
1 mM
30
FACS04.j5-gluc t2 (30') 1mM IPTG.jpg
1 mM
60
FACS04.j5-gluc t3 (60') 1mM IPTG.jpg
1 mM
120
FACS04.j5-gluc t4 (120') 1mM IPTG.jpg
1 mM

Discussion

Experiment 2005/11/02: LEICA-04

Purpose

Observe whole system under the microscope at different induction levels.

Samples

E.coli fixed on Agarose between glass object holder and cover plate.

Expectations

Results

Hardware problems with the Microscope on this day prevented us from carrying out any experiments.

Discussion

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