Davidson 2006

From 2006.igem.org

(Difference between revisions)

Latest revision as of 19:12, 19 February 2007

http://www.davidson.edu

Project Overview

[http://partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006&group=Davidson Davidson Parts]

Team Members

Tools and Resources

Check out our [http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/synthetic/photos/FlapJack_HotCakes.html Official Team Photo]

NEW Davidson's Awards and Photo Gallery from iGEM Jamboree 2006

Left to Right: Lance, Erin, Samantha, Sabriya, Karmella, Laurie, Malcolm

Solving the Pancake Problem with an E. coli Computer

[http://2006.igem.org/Image:IGEM2006T_Davidson.ppt PowerPoint Presentation] and [http://2006.igem.org/Image:IGEM2006_Davidson_poster.ppt Poster]

Our goal is to genetically engineer a biological system that can compute solutions to a puzzle called the burnt pancake problem. The E.HOP computer is a proof of concept for computing in vivo, with implications for future data storage devices and transgenic systems. Our work was done in collaboration with the [http://2006.igem.org/wiki/index.php/Missouri_Western_State_University_2006 Missouri Western iGEM Team] and an undergraduate research fellow from [http://www.hamptonu.edu/ Hampton University].

The Burnt Pancake Problem

The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake_sorting pancake problem] is a puzzle in which a scrambled series of units (or stack of pancakes) must be shuffled into the correct order and orientation. You can try solving [http://www.cut-the-knot.org/SimpleGames/Flipper.shtml a simple version of the pancake problem] yourself.

In the burnt pancake problem, each pancake is given an orientation by burning one side. To solve the problem, every unit, or pancake, must be placed in the proper order (largest on bottom, smallest on top) and in the proper orientation (burnt side down, golden side up). The pancakes are flipped with two spatulas: one to lift pancakes off the top of the stack, the other to flip part (or all) of the remaining stack of pancakes. The pancakes lifted by the first spatula are returned to the top of the stack without being flipped. Figure 1 illustrates how the puzzle is solved.

Figure 1. A scrambled stack of four burnt pancakes, sorted into correct order and orientation in 3 flips. Proper orientation is indicated by solid color, improper orientation by hatched color.

Approach

Trial and error is one approach to solving the burnt pancake problem, but how could one compute the quickest solution? Our idea is to let E. coli do the work, using each cell as a tiny processor in a massively parallel machine. A mathematical model of the flipping process helps us design the system and interpret the output of our EHOP computer.

Figure 2. 3-D structure of a Hin protein complex bound to DNA. View the [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1ZR4 interactive 3-D Jmol image].

Biological System: The biological representation of a pancake is a functional unit of DNA such as a promoter or coding region. To flip these units of DNA, we have reconstituted the Hin/ Hix invertase system (Figure 2) from Salmonella typhimurium as a BioBrick compatible system in E. coli. Hin invertase () was cloned from S. typhimurium, Ames strain TA100 and tagged with LVA. We built the recombinational enhancer (RE) and Hin invertase recognition sequence HixC using the publicly available genomic sequence of S. typhimurium and [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/oligo.html a dsDNA assembly program we created] for gene synthesis from overlapping oligos.

Every segment of DNA flanked by a pair of HixC sites is a "pancake" capable of being inverted. Hin invertase recognizes pairs of HixC sites and inverts the DNA fragment in between the two HixC sites with the help of the Fis protein bound to the RE. In our system, selectable phenotypes (including antibiotic resistance and RFP expression), depend upon the proper arrangement of a series of HixC-flanked DNA segments in a plasmid. This allows us to select for cells that have successfully solved the puzzle. An example of a sorted stack of two pancakes is shown in Figure 3. There are 7 other configurations of 2 pancakes. If we increase the number of pancakes to 4, there are 384 configurations. In general, there are 2ⁿ n! configurations of n pancakes, a combinatorial explosion of possibilities. How many should we build and test? Which ones are most informative? We need a mathematical model to help answer this question.

Figure 3. A sorted stack of two biological "pancakes"

Mathematical Model: Our mathematical representation of a stack of pancakes is a signed permutation, in which each numerical value represents the pancake size and the sign of the number represents the orientation. For example, (1, 2, 3, 4) is a sorted stack of four pancakes, all in the proper order and orientation, and (-2, 4, -1, 3) is the scrambled stack of four pancakes shown on the far left of Figure 1. Note that pancakes 1 and 2 are negative, indicating that these two pancakes are in the wrong orientation (burnt side up).

Figure 4. Simulation results for two pancakes

We simulated the flipping process by assuming that each segment of DNA flanked by Hix sites is equally likely to be flipped by Hin invertase. In an n-pancake stack, there are _n+1C₂ ways to choose a segment: two spatula locations must be chosen from among the n + 1 potential locations. For example, there are ₅C₂ = 5! 3! / 2! = 10 different ways to perform a single flip in a stack of 4 pancakes. The random flipping process continues until the stack is sorted in the correct order and orientation, or until we artificially stop the random flipping process. Figure 4 shows the percent of plasmids that we expect to be sorted after 1 flip, 2 flips, and so on, up to 20 flips, for each of the eight initial configurations.

From these simulations, and similar results for stacks of 3 and 4 pancakes, we discovered that the probability of a plasmid being sorted after k flips was determined by how many ways the solution could be obtained. Several initial configurations had essentially the same graph in our simulations because they had the same number of ways of being sorted. Only one representative from each of these "families" of initial configurations needs to be built and tested.

Methods and Results
The following is an outline of what the Davidson team will present at iGEM 2006

Basic parts

Parts used in this project were designed by two iGEM Teams

[http://partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006&group=Davidson Davidson]
[http://partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006&group=Missouri Missouri Western]

Modeling

Modeling pancake flipping: deducing kinetics and size biases
Choosing constructs: deciding which unsorted pancake stacks to start with
The effect of plasmid copy number

Building the Biological System

Defining a DNA pancake - what parts are flippable?
Read-through from the carrier vector backbone leads to uncontrolled Tet expression and uncontrolled flipping
New vector insulates parts from read-through, but is not compatible with parts carrying double terminator B0015
Cloning solution - design pancake constructs without double terminator B0015
Dealing with biological equivalence - distinguishing 1,2 from -2,-1 using an RFP reporter
Two-pancake stacks - final design

Conclusions

Consequences of devices
- Practical: proof-of-concept for bacterial computers, data storage
- Basic research: transgene rearrangement in vivo, insights into evolution that has occurred via DNA rearrangements
Next steps: can solve problem but need control over kinetics
Lessons learned:
- Troubleshooting, communication, teamwork, publicity
- Math and Biology meshed really well and even uncovered a new proof
- Multiple campuses can increase capacity through communication and cooperation
- Size of school is not a limiting factor
- We had a blast and learned heaps!!!

TEAM MEMBERS

Students

Sabriya Rosemond is a junior biology major at Hampton University.
Erin Zwack is a junior biology major at Davidson College.
Lance Harden is a sophomore math major at Davidson College.
Samantha Simpson is a sophomore at Davidson College who might design a major in genomics.

Faculty

A. Malcolm Campbell [http://www.bio.davidson.edu/campbell Department of Biology]
Laurie J. Heyer [http://www.davidson.edu/math/heyer/ Department of Mathematics]
Karmella Haynes [http://www.bio.davidson.edu/ Department of Biology - teaching postdoc and visiting assistant professor]

Tools and Resources

iGEM 2006 Jamboree Presentation Outline [http://2006.igem.org/Image:IGEM2006T_Davidson.ppt PowerPoint Presentation] [http://2006.igem.org/Image:IGEM2006_Davidson_poster.ppt Poster] - ppt file	White Board General Questions Math Questions Biology Questions	Assembly Plans Assembly powerpoint Assembly plan Western Assembly Plan Davidson Assembly Plan pLac Tet Pancake Plan (new)	Progress Plasmids and Bacteria Hix and RE Hin and Antibiotic Pancakes Ligations
Wet Lab Tools [http://partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006&group=Davidson Davidson Parts] [http://partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006&group=Missouri Missouri Western Parts] Summer 2006 Pancake Parts Davidson Protocols [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/oligo.html Oligo Cuts Optimization]: by Lance Harden Papers of Interest Freezer Stocks	Simulators The Lancelator Pancake Flipping Simulator(MATLAB Code) Other Flipping Simulators [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/randompancakeflipper.m User-Friendly Version] [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/powerflipper.m Power-User Version] [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/powerflipperplus.m Power-User Update] [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/findmin.m Findmin] [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/bigtrial.m Bigtrial]	Graphing Tools [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/pancakeplotter.m Pancakeplotter] [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/permplotter.m Permplotter] [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/adjmat.m Adjmat - creates adjacency matrices] [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/bioadjmat.m Bioadjmat - Adjmat with biological equivalence] [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/make_radial.m Make_radial - creates a radially-embedded graph] [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/find_diam.m Find_diam - finds the diameter of a pancake graph]	Miscellaneous Computation Tools [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/signedperms.m Signedperms - lists all signed permutations for a stack of k pancakes] [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/bioperms.m Bioperms - Signedperms with biological equivalence]

Davidson 2006

From 2006.igem.org

Latest revision as of 19:12, 19 February 2007

The Burnt Pancake Problem

Approach

Views

Personal tools

Navigation

The Registry

Past/present/future years

Wiki related

Search

Toolbox

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-<center>[[Image:logo.gif]]</center>
+{| cellpadding="10" width="900px"
+|- valign="top"
+| <center>[[Image:logo.gif]]<br>http://www.davidson.edu<br><br><big>'''[[#overview|Project Overview]]'''<br><br>'''[http://partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006&group=Davidson Davidson Parts]'''<br><br>'''[[#members|Team Members]]'''<br><br>'''[[#tools|Tools and Resources]]'''<br><br>Check out our [http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/synthetic/photos/FlapJack_HotCakes.html Official Team Photo]<br><br>
+<font color = red>NEW</font> [[Davidson's Awards]] and [[Photo Gallery]] from iGEM Jamboree 2006</big></center>
+| [[Image:igem_team_web.jpg|thumb|450px|Left to Right: Lance, Erin, Samantha, Sabriya, Karmella, Laurie, Malcolm]]
+|}
+----
+{| width="900px"
+|- valign="top"
+|<font size=4><div id="overview">Solving the Pancake Problem with an ''E. coli'' Computer</div></font>
+[http://2006.igem.org/Image:IGEM2006T_Davidson.ppt PowerPoint Presentation] and [http://2006.igem.org/Image:IGEM2006_Davidson_poster.ppt Poster]
+|-
+|Our goal is to genetically engineer a biological system that can compute solutions to a puzzle called the burnt pancake problem. The '''E.HOP computer''' is a proof of concept for computing ''in vivo,'' with implications for future data storage devices and transgenic systems. Our work was done in collaboration with the [http://2006.igem.org/wiki/index.php/Missouri_Western_State_University_2006 Missouri Western iGEM Team] and an undergraduate research fellow from [http://www.hamptonu.edu/ Hampton University].
+|[[image:EHOP.gif|250px]]
+|}
-== '''Students''' ==
+====The Burnt Pancake Problem====
+{| width="900px"
+|- valign="top"
+|The [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake_sorting pancake problem] is a puzzle in which a scrambled series of units (or stack of pancakes) must be shuffled into the correct order and orientation. You can try solving [http://www.cut-the-knot.org/SimpleGames/Flipper.shtml a simple version of the pancake problem] yourself.<br><br>In the burnt pancake problem, each pancake is given an orientation by burning one side. To solve the problem, every unit, or pancake, must be placed in the proper order (largest on bottom, smallest on top) and in the proper orientation (burnt side down, golden side up).  The pancakes are flipped with two spatulas: one to lift pancakes off the top of the stack, the other to flip part (or all) of the remaining stack of pancakes.  The pancakes lifted by the first spatula are returned to the top of the stack without being flipped.   Figure 1 illustrates how the puzzle is solved.
+|-
+|[[Image:solving4cakes.jpg|thumb|600px|center|'''Figure 1.'''  A scrambled stack of four burnt pancakes, sorted into correct order and orientation in 3 flips. Proper orientation is indicated by solid color, improper orientation by hatched color. ]]
+|}
-•	Sabriya Rosemond  [mailto:fizzle6821@yahoo.com] is a rising junior biology major at Hampton University in VA.
+==== Approach ====
+{| width="900px"
+|- valign="top"
+| Trial and error is one approach to solving the burnt pancake problem, but how could one compute the quickest solution?  Our idea is to let E. coli do the work, using each cell as a tiny processor in a massively parallel machine.  A mathematical model of the flipping process helps us design the system and interpret the output of our EHOP computer.
+|- valign="top"
+|[[Image:Jmol_Hin_tetrad_DNA.gif|thumb|250px|left|'''Figure 2.''' 3-D structure of a Hin protein complex bound to DNA. View the [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1ZR4 interactive 3-D Jmol image].]]'''Biological System:''' The biological representation of a pancake is a functional unit of DNA such as a promoter or coding region. To flip these units of DNA, we have reconstituted the Hin/ Hix invertase system (Figure 2) from ''Salmonella typhimurium'' as a BioBrick compatible system in ''E. coli''. '''Hin invertase''' (<partinfo>J31001</partinfo>) was cloned from ''S. typhimurium'', Ames strain TA100 and tagged with LVA. We built the recombinational enhancer (RE) and Hin invertase recognition sequence HixC using the publicly available genomic sequence of ''S. typhimurium'' and [http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/oligo.html a dsDNA assembly program we created] for gene synthesis from overlapping oligos.
-•	Erin Zwack [mailto:erzwack@davidson.edu] is a rising junior biology major at Davidson College in NC.
+Every segment of DNA flanked by a pair of HixC sites is a "pancake" capable of being inverted. Hin invertase recognizes pairs of HixC sites and inverts the DNA fragment in between the two HixC sites with the help of the Fis protein bound to the RE. In our system, selectable phenotypes (including antibiotic resistance and RFP expression), depend upon the proper arrangement of a series of HixC-flanked DNA segments in a plasmid. This allows us to select for cells that have successfully solved the puzzle. An example of a sorted stack of two pancakes is shown in Figure 3.  There are 7 other configurations of 2 pancakes.  If we increase the number of pancakes to 4, there are 384 configurations.  In general, there are 2<sup>n</sup> n! configurations of ''n'' pancakes, a combinatorial explosion of possibilities.  How many should we build and test?  Which ones are most informative?  We need a mathematical model to help answer this question.
-•	Lance Harden [mailto:laharden@davidson.edu] is a rising sophomore at Davidson College, who might major in math.
+|- valign="top"
-<center>
+|[[Image:biocake.jpg|thumb|400px|right|'''Figure 3.''' A sorted stack of two biological "pancakes"]]
-[[Image:DC_team.JPG|429px|]]<br>
-Malcolm, Laurie, Sabriya, Erin, Lance.
-</center>
-== '''Faculty''' ==
+'''Mathematical Model:''' Our mathematical representation of a stack of pancakes is a '''signed permutation''', in which each numerical value represents the pancake size and the sign of the number represents the orientation. For example, (1, 2, 3, 4) is a sorted stack of four pancakes, all in the proper order and orientation, and (-2, 4, -1, 3) is the scrambled stack of four pancakes shown on the far left of Figure 1. Note that pancakes 1 and 2 are negative, indicating that these two pancakes are in the wrong orientation (burnt side up).
-•	A. Malcolm Campbell [http://www.bio.davidson.edu/campbell Department of Biology], [mailto:macampbell@davidson.edu]
+[[Image:two_pancake_families.jpg|thumb|400px|right|'''Figure 4.''' Simulation results for two pancakes]]  We simulated the flipping process by assuming that each segment of DNA flanked by Hix sites is equally likely to be flipped by Hin invertase. In an ''n''-pancake stack, there are <sub>n+1</sub>C<sub>2</sub> ways to choose a segment: two spatula locations must be chosen from among the ''n'' + 1 potential locations.  For example, there are <sub>5</sub>C<sub>2</sub>  = 5! 3! / 2! = 10 different ways to perform a single flip in a stack of 4 pancakes.  The random flipping process continues until the stack is sorted in the correct order and orientation, or until we artificially stop the random flipping process.  Figure 4 shows the percent of plasmids that we expect to be sorted after 1 flip, 2 flips, and so on, up to 20 flips, for each of the eight initial configurations.
-•	Laurie J. Heyer [http://www.davidson.edu/math/heyer/ Department of Mathematics], [mailto:laheyer@davidson.edu]
+From these simulations, and similar results for stacks of 3 and 4 pancakes, we discovered that the probability of a plasmid being sorted after ''k'' flips was determined by how many ways the solution could be obtained.  Several initial configurations had essentially the same graph in our simulations because they had the same number of ways of being sorted.   Only '''one''' representative from each of these "families" of initial configurations needs to be built and tested.
+|}
-== '''Papers of Interest''' ==
+{| width="900px" cellpadding="5" border="1" border-style="solid" border-color="blue"
+|-
+| align="center" colspan="4"| <big>'''Methods and Results'''</big><br>The following is an outline of what the Davidson team will present at iGEM 2006
+|- valign="top"
+| width="300px" | <big>'''Basic parts'''</big><br><br>
+Parts used in this project were designed by two iGEM Teams
+*[http://partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006&group=Davidson Davidson]
+*[http://partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006&group=Missouri Missouri Western]<br><br>
+<big>'''Modeling'''</big><br><br>
+*[[Modeling pancake flipping]]: deducing kinetics and size biases
+*[[Choosing constructs]]: deciding which unsorted pancake stacks to start with
+*[[The effect of plasmid copy number]]
+| width="300px" | <big>'''Building the Biological System'''</big><br><br>
+* [[DNA Pancake|Defining a DNA pancake]] - what parts are flippable?
+* [[Read Through Transcription Problem|Read-through from the carrier vector backbone]] leads to uncontrolled Tet expression and uncontrolled flipping
+* [[pSB1A7| New vector insulates parts from read-through]], but is not compatible with parts carrying double terminator B0015
+* [[pSB1A7 Cloning Solution| Cloning solution]] - design pancake constructs without double terminator B0015
+* [[Biological Equivalence Problem|Dealing with biological equivalence]] - distinguishing 1,2 from -2,-1 using an RFP reporter
+* [[Two Pancake Stacks|Two-pancake stacks]] - final design
+| width="300px" | <big>'''Conclusions'''</big><br><br>
+*'''[[Consequences of devices]]'''
+** Practical: proof-of-concept for bacterial computers, data storage
+** Basic research: transgene rearrangement in vivo, insights into evolution that has occurred via DNA rearrangements
+*'''[[Next steps]]''': can solve problem but need control over kinetics
+*'''[[Lessons learned]]''':
+**Troubleshooting, communication, teamwork, publicity
+**Math and Biology meshed really well and even uncovered a new proof
+**Multiple campuses can increase capacity through communication and cooperation
+**Size of school is not a limiting factor
+**We had a blast and learned heaps!!!
+|}
-•	[http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/synthetic/papers/Sanders_04.pdf Stepwise Dissection of the Hin-catalyzed Recombination Reaction from Synapsis to Resolution. Erin R. Sanders and Reid C. Johnson]
+----
+<font size=4><div id="members">TEAM MEMBERS</div></font>
-•	[http://www.molcells.org/home/journal/article_read.asp?volume=16&number=3&startpage=377 The Effects of Ethidium Bromide and Mg++ Ion on Strand Exchange in the Hin-mediated Inversion Reaction. Hee Jung Lee et al.] Excellent description of Hin recombination mechanism.
+'''Students'''
+* [mailto:fizzle6821@yahoo.com|  Sabriya Rosemond] is a junior biology major at Hampton University.
+* [mailto:erzwack@davidson.edu| Erin Zwack] is a junior biology major at Davidson College.
+* [mailto:laharden@davidson.edu| Lance Harden] is a sophomore math major at Davidson College.
+* [mailto:sasimpson@davidson.edu| Samantha Simpson] is a sophomore at Davidson College who might design a major in genomics.
-•	[http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/267/16/11183 The Effects of Symmetrical Recombination Site hixC on Hin Recombinase Function. Heon Man Lim et al.]
+'''Faculty'''
+* [mailto:macampbell@davidson.edu| A. Malcolm Campbell] [http://www.bio.davidson.edu/campbell Department of Biology]
+* [mailto:laheyer@davidson.edu| Laurie J. Heyer] [http://www.davidson.edu/math/heyer/ Department of Mathematics]
+* [mailto:kahaynes@davidson.edu| Karmella Haynes] [http://www.bio.davidson.edu/ Department of Biology - teaching postdoc and visiting assistant professor]
-•	[http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=3457367 The role of the loxP spacer region in P1 site-specific recombination. Ronald H.Hoess et al.]
+----
-•	[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/7/73 A high-throughput screen identifying sequence and promiscuity characteristics of the loxP spacer region in Cre-mediated recombination. Perseus I Missirlis et al.]
+<font size=4><div id="tools">Tools and Resources</div></font>
-•	[http://nar.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/30/13/2764 Non-contact positions impose site selectivity on Cre recombinase. Andreas W. Rufer and Brian Sauer]
+{| width="840px" cellpadding="5" border="0"
+|- valign="top"
-•	[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=103771 Growth Phase-Dependent Variation in Protein Composition of the Escherichia coli Nucleoid]
+| width="210px" | <big>'''iGEM 2006 Jamboree'''</big><br><br>
+*[[Presentation Outline]]
-•	[http://www.jbc.org/cgi/content/full/272/29/18434 Hin-mediated Inversion on Positively Supercoiled DNA]
+*[http://2006.igem.org/Image:IGEM2006T_Davidson.ppt PowerPoint Presentation]
+*[http://2006.igem.org/Image:IGEM2006_Davidson_poster.ppt Poster] - ppt file
-•	[http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/185/3/1097 Plasmid DNA Supercoiling and Gyrase Activity in Escherichia coli Wild-Type and rpoS Stationary-Phase Cells]
+| width="210px" | <big>'''White Board'''</big><br><br>
+* [[General Questions]]
-<br>
+* [[Math Questions]]
+* [[Biology Questions]]
-=='''Project Description'''==
+| width="210px" | <big>'''Assembly Plans'''</big><br><br>
-<br>
+*[[Assembly powerpoint]]
-<br>
+*[[Assembly plan]]
-<center>[[Image:E_hop.jpg]]</center>
+*[[Western Assembly Plan]]
-<br>
+*[[Davidson Assembly Plan]]
-<center>
+*[[pLac Tet Pancake Plan]] (new)
-<br>
+| width="210px" | <big>'''Progress'''</big><br><br>
-</center>
+*[[Plasmids and Bacteria]]
+*[[Hix and RE]]
-==Parts Created==
+*[[Hin and Antibiotic Pancakes]]
-[[Parts Created]]
+*[[Ligations]]
+|-  valign="top"
-=='''Special Note'''==
+| width="210px" | <big>'''Wet Lab Tools'''</big><br><br>
+*[http://partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006&group=Davidson Davidson Parts]
-We feel that we should remain with Hin/Hix.  We feel that we lack the appropriate knowledge of Fin/Fix.  It is Hin/Hix like but maks no mention of enhancers, HU-like proteins, or fis-like proteins.  Their does not seem to be any benefit to switching but would require massive research in order to find out about the unknowns.  The literature might not even be out there as the papers on this mechanism are all fairly recent.
+*[http://partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006partsregistry.org/cgi/partsdb/pgroup.cgi?pgroup=iGEM2006&group=Missouri Missouri Western Parts]
+*Summer 2006 [[Pancake Parts]]
-== '''General Questions''' ==
+*[[The What's and How's| Davidson Protocols]]
+*[http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/oligo.html Oligo Cuts Optimization]: by Lance Harden
+*[[Papers of Interest]]
-* What is our team name and project name?<br>
+*[[Freezer Stocks]]
-* <u>ERIC</u> <u>B-RAD</u> What is HU?[[AnswerEric1]][[AnswerX1]]<br>
+| width="210px" | <big>'''Simulators'''</big><br><br>
+*<font color='red'>T</font color><font color='blue'>h</font color><font color='orange'>e</font color><font color='silver'> L</font color><font color='sky blue'>a</font color><font color='magenta'>n</font color><font color= 'orange'>c</font color><font color='green'>e</font color><font color=cyan>l</font color><font color='red'>a</font color><font color='brown'>t</font color><font color='blue'>o</font color><font color='violet'>r</font color> Pancake Flipping Simulator(MATLAB Code)
-* <u>KELLY</u> What is the recombinase enhancer (RE; function, sequence, usual position, relationship with HU, etc.)?[[Answers to this one and the next]] <br>
+* Other Flipping Simulators
+**[http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/randompancakeflipper.m User-Friendly Version]
-* <u>KELLY</u> What sort of spacing can RE allow and still work?<br>
+**[http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/powerflipper.m Power-User Version]
-* Will we need more than one RE to accomplish recombination at all positions?<br>
+**[http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/powerflipperplus.m Power-User Update]
-* <u>TREVOR</u> What is FIS? [[Relax before you read this answer]] <br>
+**[http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/findmin.m Findmin]
+**[http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/bigtrial.m Bigtrial]
-== '''Math Questions''' ==
+| width="210px" | <big>'''Graphing Tools'''</big><br><br>
+*[http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/pancakeplotter.m Pancakeplotter]
-* What is the problem we are solving?<br>
+*[http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/permplotter.m Permplotter]
-* Can we determine more than just Even/Odd number of flips?<br>
+*[http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/adjmat.m Adjmat - creates adjacency matrices]
-* What is the distribution of the number of flips required, if each flip is random?<br>
+*[http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/bioadjmat.m Bioadjmat - Adjmat with biological equivalence]
-* What designs might allow us to track flips made?<br>
+*[http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/make_radial.m Make_radial - creates a radially-embedded graph]
-* Can we  model the distance of RE from pancake vs. time or number of flips<br>
+*[http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/find_diam.m Find_diam - finds the diameter of a pancake graph]
-* Can we model the kinetics of n flips?<br>
+| width="210px" | <big>'''Miscellaneous Computation Tools'''</big><br><br>
-* Is it possible to simulate the impact of one-time flipping lox/hix sites?<br>
+*[http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/signedperms.m Signedperms - lists all signed permutations for a stack of k pancakes]
-* Help us design the fewest number of constructs that will allow us to scale up the number of flips in our constructs (1, 2, 3, 4...n)
+*[http://gcat.davidson.edu/IGEM06/bioperms.m Bioperms - Signedperms with biological equivalence]
-* How can we count the number of Flips? (even vs. odd only?)<br>
+|}
-* Can we use antibiotic resistence percentage (100% vs. 50% to determine number of flips for a single pancake?
-* Can we create "dummy" pieces of DNA to measure rate and frequency of flipping?
-* Can we create a series of target sites (e.g. LLLLL --------- RRRRRR) such that any one of several flip sites can be chosen and if hixC is dead end, we could continue flipping?
-== '''Biology Questions''' ==
-* '''If HU and Fis are produced at high levels in E. coli, do we need high levels of Hin in order to find the Hix sites? '''
-* Which promoter should we use? If we use Lac, then we can turn on for a long time and it will stay on. If we use maltose, then induction will reduce over time.
-* Cre does not need any accessory proteins, then it may be a more efficient system to use?
-* <u>ERIN</u> How can we turn Hin off quickly (using CRE or mutating HIX so that they stop after one reversal)?<br> [[Off answer]]
-* <u>B-RAD</u> Do we want to be able to turn Hin on and off more than once?[[AnswerS]]<br>
-* Should we create a transgenic E. coli with Hin and/or Cre in the chromosome so we won't need so many plasmids?<br>
-* <u>SABRIYA</u> Does CRE flip once and is then done with that pancake, or will it be excised the next time?<br>
-Well it seems we can stop CRE from inverting if we use two mutant LoxP sites. After they invert a wild type loxP site and a double mutant loxP site will be formed which is no longer recognizable by CRE. [[See Details]]<br>
-* <u>ERIC</u> How many flips would the normal negative supercoiling of a plasmid in ''E. coli'' allow?  What happens to supercoiling if we make the plasmid larger? What happens to supercoiling during the stationary phase, relax? [[Supercoiling]]<br>
-* <u>B-RAD</u> Can we alter the amount of negative supercoiling and thus the number of flips if necessary?[[AnswerA]] <br>
-* <u>T-ODD </u> Can we apply EtBr to relax the number of supercoils and thus stop recombination?[[Answer T1]]<br>
-* <u>ADAM</u> What should we use as the reporters? Fluorescent vs. Resistant pancake or combinations? [[Only a few points, still unanswered if others want to add more indepth research]]<br>
-* Possible detection delays for both methods and how to minimize the delays<br>
-* How can we gradually scale up the number of flips with the fewest number of constructs?<br>
-* <u>ADAM</u> Can we use mutated lox or hix sites that will allow only single flips?[[Answer411]]<br>
-* <u>T-ODD</u> Will a segment flip multiple times or will the enzymes move to new sites? [[Answer T2]]<br>
-* <u>ADAM</u> Which version of hin are we going to use?[[Answer412]] <br>
-* Are there any antibiotic genes with biobrick ends in the registry?
-== '''Assembly Issues''' ==
-* What is the list of DNA parts that we will need for the first stage, second stage, entire project?<br>
-*<u>ERIN and SABRIYA</u> Which DNA parts exist in the registry?[[Answer1]][[More Parts]]<br>
-* <u>ERIN and SABRIYA</u>Which DNA parts will have to be designed?  Will they be synthesized or produced by PCR? <br>
-[[loxP sites]] [[Hin/Hix]] [[CRE gene]] [[Degradation Tags]]
-* Which plasmids will be used from the registry? <br>
-* Where would biobricks be located?<br>
-* <u>MALCOLM</u> What is the protocol for assembly for the first stage (restriction digestions, ligations, transformations)? <br>
-# [[http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/Molbio/Protocols/reagents.html Common molecular reagents]]
-# [[http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/Molbio/Protocols/magnesium.html PCR and Mg<sup>2+</sup> concentration]]
-# [[http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/Molbio/Protocols/pourgel.html Pouring an agarose gel]]
-# [[http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/Molbio/Protocols/molwt.html Calculate MWs]]
-# [[http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/Molbio/Protocols/digestion.html Digest DNA with restriction enzymes]]
-# [[http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/Molbio/Protocols/gels2002/1kbladder.pdf 1kb MW markers]]
-# Shrimp alkaline phosphatase URL to come
-# Ligation URL to come
-# [[http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/Molbio/Protocols/Promegacompcells.pdf Transformation]] [[http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/Molbio/Protocols/transformation.html Short version]]
-# Promega miniprep URL to come
-=='''Current Course of Action'''==
-===Plasmids===
-*'''pSB1A3'''
-***amp resistant
-*** copy number:100-300
-***size:2157 empty
-*'''pSB1AC3'''
-*** part-BBAp1000
-***copy number:100-3000
-***amp and CmR resistant
-***contains device that provides CmR
-***size:3844 ( with device) 3005 (without device)
-*'''pSB1AK3'''
-***part BBa_|13535
-***copy number:100-300
-***amp and kan resistance
-***contains a device for screening test
-***size: 3457 (with device) 3189 (without device)
-* Transform bacteria  '''We are using ''Salmonella typhimurium'' for the Hin protein as it was the referenced species in all of the literature.'''
-* Create RE biobrick (completed)
-*Isolating genomic DNA from Salmonella typhimurium
-*Ordered olioges for recombinational enhancer and primers for the hin gene